Full Project – EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY (ICT) ON EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIAN SECONDARY SCHOOLS
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background to the Study
ICT advancements have made the world more interactive through improving communication and information transmission, making it easier for people to connect with each other. Transactions might be done between persons who have never met before because of this. In addition, ICT is low-cost and readily available all around the world. Instantaneous communication between individuals throughout the globe is certainly possible because to this technology.
The existence and progress of human beings as individuals and as a community is dependent on education, which has its own unique techniques of teaching and socializing its members. As new changes occur inside and outside the society, there is a process to ensure that the social culture continues to be passed down from generation to generation and that the society’s survival and growth are ensured. The culture of a civilization may be profoundly impacted by the way in which changes occurring both inside and outside of it are handled. Regression, bewilderment, acculturation, or even the entire extinction of the civilization are all possible outcomes of the consequences. It is in the backdrop of this that each society develops and creates its educational system in accordance with its own tradition, culture and set of values, as well as the needs and ambitions of its current and next generations. Consequently, as a result of development in ICT, diverse ideas and cultures interact and interwoven, as such, new knowledge, ideas, cultures and values, are transferred from one place to another. The manner, by which secondary schools students in Kaduna state usually glue themselves to ICT, by means of different kinds of devices, and for a considerable proportion of their time, is never unconnected with the availability and affordability of the devices in the country in recent times. Accordingly, the worry here is about what the students are doing on these devices. Findings of some studies revealed a huge patronage of the ICT devices among youths, while other studies revealed some positive as well as negative effects of such inclination on the youths. For instance, youths are becoming more and more overwhelmed by programmes available on the ICT, which in turn facilitate or erode their learning inclination and improve or retard their educational development.
Also, the Shu-Sha and Subrahmanyam‟s (2009) study attributed some negative attitudes such as „Internet addiction‟ as well as online risks such as „exposure to sexually explicit materials‟ and „online victimisation‟ including „harassment‟ or „cyber bullying‟ and „sexual solicitation‟ to the youths‟ inclination toward ICT. These reasons along with the government intention of further developing education in the country by means of ICT, prompted the research to assess the impact of ICT on selected senior secondary schools in Kaduna state. In this regard, schools were selected based on location; urban/rural, and gender; male/female. This is with a view to find out whether there are similarities or differences in their knowledge and usage of the ICT and its impact on their educational development.
1.2. Statement of the Research Problem
For the fact that no country can live in isolation, and as the ICT has become part of our daily life, youths are becoming more and more susceptible to its effects. Accordingly, it is imperative for each society to study the effect of ICT on the societal life in order to develop those elements that are beneficial to its survival and avert what is detrimental to its growth and development. ICT is enormously enhancing people‟s accessibility to knowledge and information across the globe, minimizing time waste, narrowing distance between people, and contributing significantly to the growth and development of societies. It is a known fact that, today‟s college students have grown up with intrinsic technological innovations that are integrated into modes of communication, education, and socialization, (La Rose, Eastin, and Gregg (2001) in Everhart, (2011). In the same vein, prevalence of negative attitudes among youths, such as pornography, money laundering, cultism, international terrorism and child abuse, may also be attributed to the unchecked accessibility of the ICT by the youths, (Omekwu 2005, cited in Aduwa, 2006).
Senior secondary schools‟ students in Kaduna state nowadays commit considerable proportion of their time on ICT which ideally supposed to positively impact on their educational development. However, for the fact that most schools lack an effective method of guidance on issues pertaining to ICT, the students are therefore left with the choice of their preferences on ICT. This made most of them to be carried away by the funny side of it, using most of their time on social media, chatting with friends and many things alike. Consequently, the study was conducted to assess the effect of the ICT on educational development in state through the identification of the level of awareness and utilasation of the ICT and its effect on the students‟ academic activities and performance.
1.3. Research Questions
- Has ICT impacted positively on educational development of senior secondary schools‟ students in Kaduna state?
- Are there significant variations in terms of knowledge and usage of ICT between senior secondary schools‟ students in urban areas and their counterparts in the rural areas of Kaduna state?
- Is there any significant relationship between academic performance of senior secondary schools‟ students in Kaduna state and their usage of ICT?
1.4. Research Hypotheses
- ICT has positively impacted on educational development of senior secondary schools‟ students in Kaduna State.
- There are significant variations in terms of knowledge and usage of ICT between senior secondary schools‟ students in urban areas and their counterparts in the rural areas of Kaduna state.
- There is significant relationship between ICT and the performance of senior secondary schools‟ students in Kaduna State.
1.5. Objectives of the Study
Main objective of the study was to assess the impact of ICT on the educational development of senior secondary schools‟ students of Kaduna State. Other objectives are to:
- Compare the rate of knowledge and usage of ICT between senior secondary schools‟ students in the urban areas and their counterparts in the rural areas of Kaduna state.
- Study the effects of ICT on the Academic activities of senior secondary schools students‟ in Kaduna State.
- Study the Relationship between ICT and the Academic Performance of senior secondary schools students in Kaduna State.
1.6. Scope and Limitation of the Study
Scope of the study in terms of population was limited to some selected senior secondary schools‟ students in Kaduna State drawn from six secondary schools across the state; two each from the three senatorial zones. While in terms of period, the study covers the period between 2000 and 2014. This enables linkage between the era of little or none availability of GSM and most ICT devices and the epoch of proliferation of such apparatuses in Nigeria. The period that marked an unprecedented public exposure to ICT and its apparatuses became very much available, affordable and accessible to most average Nigerians. Also, with respect to ICT, the study limits itself to Internet and International Satellite Media. In terms of academic performance, the study was limited to the annual progress report provided by the schools on students‟ performance in final examinations; Senior Secondary School Certificate of Education (SSCE) and National Certificate of Education (NECO). In addition, academic activities were limited to students‟ attendance of extra lessons, tutorials, going to libraries, and reading at home.
1.7. Significance of the Study
The study is significant being an attempt to make contribution to the existing body of knowledge by revealing the effect of ICT on educational development of senior secondary schools‟ students in Kaduna State with a view to fill the existing vacuum in the area. Proliferation of ICT in Nigeria and the reaction of the youths towards it have constituted a source of concern regarding their academic performance, thereby calling for a careful study to ascertain the effects on them. Hence, this research is a step in that direction. The study is significant in the sense that it contributes towards enhancing educational policies on factors influencing educational development of senior secondary schools students.
In accordance with the foregoing, the choice of some selected senior secondary schools‟ students in Kaduna state was basically for the fact that, large proportion of the youths are in the senior secondary schools, and they are at the point of transition to tertiary institutions and from childhood to adulthood. In addition, they are the potential reservoir for the Nigeria‟s human capital. Also, senior secondary schools‟ students are seen as a depiction of the youths, thus, they can easily be studied to ascertain the effects of the ICT on youths in general. Furthermore, the study attempted a comparison of urban and rural students to identify whether there are areas of convergence or divergence on aspects concerning the effects of ICT on them.
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Full Project – EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY (ICT) ON EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIAN SECONDARY SCHOOLS