Full Project – Effect of black seed Nigella Sativa L-Aqueous extract on the lipid profile of albino rat

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Plants have long been used as a basis of traditional remedies in the history of mankind and also act as sources of modern medicines. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than three-fourths of the communities in resource-limited countries rely upon medicinal plants for their primary health care needs because more than 60% of the societies are unable to have access and/or aford allopathic medicines (Jamshidi-Kia et al., 2018)

Nigella sativa L. (Ranunculaceae) has been considered one of the most treasured nutrient-rich herb in history around the world and numerous scientifc studies are in progress to validate the traditionally claimed uses of small seed of this species (Ramadan, 2007). The maximal nutritional value of black cumin can be linked to the presence of substantial amount of vegetableprotein, fber and minerals, and vitamins. The nutritional composition reported from diferent sources revealed 20-85% of protein, 38.20% of fat, 7-94% of fber, and 31.94% of total carbohydrates. Among various amino acids identifed, gluta￾mate, arginine, and aspartate while cysteine and methionine were the major and minor amino acids, respectively. Black cumin seeds also contain signifcant levels of iron, copper, zinc, phosphorus, calcium, thiamin, niacin, pyridoxine, and folic acid (Ramadan, 2017). In addition, phytochemical analyses of Nigella sativa displayed the presence of over hundreds of phytocon￾stituents which include mainly alkaloids, saponins, sterols, and essential oil but the composition of many of these have not been chemically recognized nor have been biologicall verifed. The Nigella  sativa seed contain 26-34% fxed oil of which the major fatty acids are linoleic acid (64.6%) and palmitic acid (20.4%).The seed oil is comprised of 0.4%–2.5% essential oil (Mamun, 2018). Amongst diferent active constituents reported so far, thymoquinone found as major component of the essential oil is the most bioactive compound and exhibits wide ranging therapeutic benefts (Hasenna, 2015).

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a global health problem. High intake of fats and dyslipidemia are risk factors for its development (Keys, 1957).  Excessive intake of fatty foods and lack of exercise lead to obesity. Certain food items like fruits in association with exercise may be protective (Benarsidas, 1975). High plasma cholesterol is posi￾tively related to the risk of CHD (Ahmed, 1993). Elevation of plasma cholesterol is usually due to an increase in the level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (Grundy, 1987). Saturated fats and cholesterol in the diet play a major role in the causation of hypercholesterolemia and act as a risk factor for CHD (Algae, 1987). Diets containing polyunsaturated fats decrease the plasma cholesterol when substituted for saturated fats (Vega, 1982). Saturated fats and cholesterol in the diet raise the plasma cholesterol while diets low in saturated fats and cholesterol decrease the cholesterol level in human beings (Ahmed, 1992). Polyunsaturated fats lower the triglyceride (TG), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol and LDL cholesterol (Shepherd, 1980). Elevated LDL cholesterol and decreased high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in the plasma have been independently associated with increased risk for CHD (Tayyab, 1991).  Obese people tend to have relatively high triglyceride and low HDL-cholesterol. Obesity also raises the LDL cholesterol levels. High level of plasma triglycerides is also considered a risk factor for CHD (Ahmed, 1993). Nigella sativa seeds used as a herbal medicine has many effects including cholerectic activity (El-Dakhakhany, 1982). It is reported that the Holy Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) said, “Black seeds i.e. the seeds of Nigella sativa is a remedy for every dis￾ease except death (Bukhari, 1985). The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of Nigella sativa seeds on lipid profile in albino rats.

1.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The paucity of knowledge of the curative effect of Nigella sativa on coronary heart diseases (CHD) has resulted in its neglect and underutilization. It is envisaged that the result of this study will initiate the exploitation of nutraceutical and therapeutic potentials of this plant material.

1.2 AIM OF THE STUDY

The aim of the study is to assess the effect of aqueous extract of Nigella sativa on lipid profile of albino rats.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

Specific objectives are to:

-Determine total Cholesterol level of blackseed treated and untreated albino rat

-Determine the low density lipoprotein {LDL} cholesterol level of blackseed treated and untreated albino rat

-Determine the high density lipoprotein {HDL} cholesterol level of blackseed treated and untreated albino rat

-Determine the Triglycerides level of blackseed treated and untreated albino rat

Determine the very low density lipoprotein {VLDL} level of blackseed treated and untreated albino rat.

1.4 SIGNIFANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will provide detailed information on the effect of Nigella sativa on the levels of cholesterol, Low density lipoprotein, High density lipoprotein and triglycerides.

1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY

This study will determine the Low density lipoprotein, High density lipoprotein, Very low density lipoprotein, Triglyceride  and Total cholesterol level

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Full Project – Effect of black seed Nigella Sativa L-Aqueous extract on the lipid profile of albino rat