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Full Project – Design and construction of CNC paper laser engraving device

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTISSON

1.1 Background of the Study

Computer numerical-controlled (CNC) Laser cutting is an industrial technology that uses a LASER (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) to cut ferrous and non-ferrous materials. Mini CNC machine is the machine that is similar to usual CNC machine but it’s limited by the area of machining. This machine is designed for small and precise measurement. CNC can be grouped into two types, which are rotary machine and milling machine. A rotary machine is basically a device that spins a material piece at a very high speed and the spinner moved back and forth and in and out until the preferred shape is complete. A milling machine is a machine that has spindle which consider as similar as the router, with a LASER tool that spines and cuts in various direction and moves in three directions along the X, Y, and Z axis [1]. Recently, the industrial world has become faster smaller and in highly advanced technology to make things smaller, thinner and portable.

Laser engraving CNC machine can be categorized in three main parts: a Laser diode, a controller module and a working surface. As commonly known a laser is like a pencil, the different patterns which can be engraved by programming a control module to traverse a particular path of a laser beam in millimeter [9]. The trace of a laser beam is carefully regulated to achieve a consistent removal path of materials. The consideration of the speed movement across the engraving material to create an accurate patterns which increasing the intensity and spread of the beam which will allow flexibility of the design for example duty-cycle that the laser pulse during each turn what measured the power supplied to the engraving surface can be precise suitably for the material. The spot of the laser is known precisely by the controller, it is not needed to add obstacles to the surface to avoid the laser from conflicting from the prescribed engraving design. As a result, no resistive mask is needed in laser engraving. This is primarily why this technique is different from older engraving methods .

An axis is a path of motion controlled by the CNC machine control. It can be linear (motion beside a straight line) or circular (a rotary motion). The total of axes a machine has concludes its machining abilities. For machining centers, a three axis CNC machine will have three linear axes. A four or five axis machine will have three linear axes as well as one or two rotary axes.

The 3-Axis machine was aimed to provide an appropriate entry-level mechanism for testing with 3-axis machining and CAD/CAMM systems [3]. It has not been planned to replace current, higher end machines such as those created by Manufacturing Corporation. The emphasis is on accessibility and allows the user to completely modify the in-built firmware on the machine [10]. In order to construct a three axis machine, there is a requirement to decide which the components have to use so that it can achieve smoothly and efficiency results.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The new design development in this project is based on laser cutting and engraving machine. This approach consists of a mobile platform and a laser nozzle, in the arrangement the nozzle is equipped on top of mobile platform to provide the required manipulation capability (for proper laser cutting and engraving). The development of the scale down model of industrial cutter system covers mechanics of systems design and simulations, design of movable bed and cooling system to dissipate heat produced during cutting. The movable bed is controlled by stepper motor which in feed with input from Arduino and external power source [5].

Know all people know the capability of laser cutting CNC Machine which is can cut various types of materials. By the way, there are many precautions and parameters that should observe and identify. The experimental materials uses which are aluminum possessing great properties like light weight, high strength and higher resistance. [4]. So, by using the laser cutter CNC Machine perform the cutting on aluminum thin plate.

1.3 Research Objectives

The objectives of the work are:

To design and develop of Laser CNC Machine
To fabricate the strong CNC machine frame structure

To develop concept sketches and then reviewing it with the customers to find according to them what the shapes should be.

1.4 Contribution to Knowledge

With increase in rapid prototyping and 3D printing techniques, it has become mandatory for every industry to have one of the prototyping techniques in its laboratory for better presentation of its idea in realistic form. In laboratories every engineers need to present his thoughts and the various projects that he /she undertakes to take a solid form so that he/she can get into more of its detail and specification. The large laser cutting machines makes it impossible for a student engineer to utilize the machine for any purpose suitable for small hand held projects. In case of 3D printing the cost of producing a model is considerably high as compared to daily use.

So to make it possible for every student and any person for easy and low cost usage this small laser cutting and engraving machine can be to great use.

1.5 Limitations of the Study

In this project scopes, there is divided into three sections. First is the Laser CNC Machine structure. This machine operates in 2-axis which is in x-axis and y-axis. Besides, the machine uses ball-screw and linear guide concept. Next, the software that suitable and capable for this machine is CAD&CAM. Last but not list, which is the important ones is the cutting process. From this cutting process, a conclusion can be made about the cutting performance and cut quality. However, from this laser cutting process, there are several operating parameters that should find in order to get the great cutting performances.

1.6 Methodology

The CNC machine is constructed in three stages: (a) buildmechanical frame, (b) assemble electric system and (c) installcontrol and computing system. Mechanical system getsnecessary control signals from electronics system whichultimately results in desired actuation of motors. Electronicssystem gets command or a set of commands from softwaresystem and generates controls for mechanical system.

1.7 Definition of Terms

CNC: Computer Numerical Control is the automated control of machining tools by means of a computer.

Laser: A device that generates an intense beam of coherent monochromatic light by stimulated emission of photons from excited atoms or molecules. They are used in drilling and cutting, alignment and guidance, and in surgery.

Engraving: Is the practice of incising a design onto a hard, usually flat surface by cutting grooves into it with a burin.

Device: An object that has been invented for a particular purpose, especially a piece of mechanical or electronic equipment.

Laser Engraving: Engraving is a process of design onto a hard surface by cutting grooves into it, basically on flat surface oriented perpendicular to the processing beam axis.

Laser Cutting: Laser cutting is the process used laser as a mainly agents cut the material on specific or certain values of parameters given.

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