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Full Project – Construction of an object detector with an alarm system

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

According to Ayelimere (2016), Object detection is the action of sensing physical movement in a given area. Motion can be detection by measuring change in speed or vector of an object in the field of view. This can be achieved either by mechanical devices that physically interact with the field or by electronic devices that quantifies and measures changes in the given environment. It can be defeated easily by interrupting the devices working mechanism like “disconnecting the wire”.

Object detection devices, such as motion detectors, have sensors that detect movement and send a signal to a sound device that produces an alarm.

The applications for such detection are detection of unauthorized entry, detection of cessation of occupancy of an area to extinguish lighting, and detection of a moving object which trigger an alarm. The object detector is thus a basic idea of electronic security systems.

As the world is fast becoming a global village, the need for electronics in human affairs is now taking a wider turn. With the inventions and development of certain electronic gadgets in our society today. Certain activities become easily handed for example; in communication when the telephone plays a part.

The aims and objectives of designing the object detector are to limit the effect of the illegal movement in restricted areas. all these will bring alarm the way by which criminal break into private properties by scaring them away once the alarm is trigger on. This type of object detector uses a passive infrared detector.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

In places where safety is need, an object detector with an alarm system will be of much importance. The application of electronic in this modern age is simply inexhaustible and this group takes more interest in the case of burglary in homes, offices, cars and industry. The choice of a proper object detector is not a simple matter, because the need of each individual home owner or businessman is different like a set of finger prints.

The principle object detection has been for a very long time in the history of man, this made things easy for the design and construction. In the 21^st century, many of the ancient detectors were abolished. Today, passive infrared sensor is the prominent among the new inventions. This design will help to solve the problem of illegal movement in restricted areas and it will also help in curbing down the rate of criminology in the society. Some of the concepts are:

Ease of control
Simplicity in design

Higher efficiency.

The draw back in this design is that, it can be defeated easily by interrupting the devices mechanics like cutting the power supply wire or any wire that is relevant in the detection process

Secondly, it can only capture a specific range like 5m, that is, it can only detect within range. In the same vein the whole device can be damage. So it should be carefully installed to avoid easy access by intruders.

1.3 Purpose of Study

The overall purpose is to design and construct an object detector with an alarm system and the purpose of designing this object detector is to limit the effect of the criminology in the society by informing us that our properties are in danger and the objective is to ascertain the usefulness of a detector, to identify threat that may accidentally or intentionally exploit vulnerability in it usage and to see if it will be a good tool for security agents. This type of object detector uses a PIR sensor and this device with an alarm system detects any physical movement in a given area and transforms motion into an electrical signal. It consist of sensor that electrically connected to other devices such as security system, lighting, audio alarms, and other applications that makes up this construction. The sensor is electrically connected to a buzzer. PIR sensors allow you to sense motion, almost always used to detect whether an object has moved in or out of the sensor range. They are small, inexpensive, low-power, easy to use and don’t wear out. For that reason they are commonly found in appliances and gadgets used in homes or business.

1.4 Significance of the study

This construction of an object detector with an alarm system is relevant in all ramification of life, that is, it may also be applied in the control areas of application such as providing input to virtual to in reality engines or augmented reality engine. It can be used to monitor an intruder in our domestic places. Because of these prevailing conditions and bad condition of our economy, there is need to safe-guard the already acquired property especially from thieves.

1.5 Scope of the Study

The study is basically designed to examine the principle of object detection coupled with an alarm system. This research was confronted with several problems. Among which are difficulties in getting information about the design because already made information were not available. The choice of sensor was also a problem because many sensors are now obsolete. However, the purpose of the project is to construct an object detector with an alarm system with situation indicators from inexpensive and local electronics components that will detect burglar operations and illegal movement and give the consequent warning signal or indication in order to alert house occupants, office industrial layouts for appropriate safety actions.

1.6 Definition of Terms

Alarm System: is a sound or visual signal which indicates an error condition. The terms alarm and alert are often used synonymously. It is a sudden fear caused by the realization of danger and usually gives warning of existing or approaching danger.

Battery: a wet cell battery of 24 volts is used to power the circuit and this can provide steady power supply for the effective working of the sensor.

Body Detector: is a device that functioned by detecting human body existence which is in the area of body detector located. Body detector is detected by means of PIR sensor. Body detector relies on the fact that the human body itself possessed fairly large order of capacitance to the ground (earth) and that if such a body approaches the positive plate of a given capacitor, its value will rise.

Buzzer: Buzzer is an alarm system that sounds when an object is detected.

Motion Detector: A motion detector is a device that contains a motion sensor and either integrated with or connected to other devices that alert the user of the pre-sense of motion.

Passive Infra-red (PIR) Sensor: The PIR sensor itself is housed in a hermetically sealed metal can to improve noise/temperature/humidity immunity. There is a window made of IR-transmissive material (typically coated silicon since that is very easy to come by) that protects the sensing element.

Relay: It is a mechanical switch which is operated electrically to turn ON or OFF current in an electrical circuit.

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