Full Project – Design, construction and performance of a solar powered evaporative air cooling system

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CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION

Solar evaporative coolers have been shown to be economic systems for domestic, agricultural, and industrial applications in recent years. These coolers can be designed and manufactured in various sizes and capacities and installed easily. Evaporative coolers are specifically more useful when installed in regions with low humidity. Nonstop social and economic developments contain ever-increasing desire for designing a system that makes a room or a building air cooled and provides a comfortable air condition with appropriate temperature and humidity. Taking aim at the demand requires consideration of many factors and providing the best solution for energy consumption. One of the most common cooling systems is evaporative cooling system. The evaporative cooler was the subject of numerous US patents in the twentieth century that started in 1906. There is an extensive range of evaporative coolers from small portable ones for domestic use to large systems for industrial ventilation that consume a large amount of energy. The increasing cost of energy over the past few years has made the energy saving concept as one of the most important research area in industry. Furthermore, energy consumption is directly related to the environmental pollution which is responsible for global warming. The above-mentioned problems have increased the motivation to use renewable energy.

1.1 Background of the Project

Solar energy is one form of renewable energy and is available in many areas on the earth and can be used in different devices. In recent years, solar energy has been used as a cost-effective solution everywhere; it is clean, silent, renewable, and climate-friendly. Solar systems provide a groundbreaking vision of a sun-powered world. Therefore, solar energy can be harnessed in various levels around the world. The development of solar cell technology begins with the research of French physicist Antoine-Cesar Becquerel in 1839. The evaporative cooling is a simple, least energy intensive and environmentally benign technique of air conditioning. An earlier form of air cooling was invented in Iran thousands of years ago in the forms of wind shafts on the roof (Kheirabadi 1991). Before the advent of residential air conditioning, it was the only mechanical means available to make home interiors livable in hot and dry summer. With the advancement of technology, different aspects of evaporative coolers have been studied and a lot of research articles are available which cover a number of significant features of these coolers. Solar power can be classified as direct or indirect. Direct solar power involves only one transformation into a usable form. For example, the sunlight hits photovoltaic cell creating electricity with no moving parts. Indirect solar power involves more than one transformation to reach a usable form. The demands for solar power are increasing and still continue. Most solar energy used today is harnessed as heat or electricity. Deployment of solar power depends largely upon local conditions and requirements. But as all industrialized nations share a need for electricity, it is clear that solar power will increasingly be used to supply a cheap, reliable electricity supply. Of the new energy sources, solar power has become the most widely used by households. With the expected increase in energy prices, energy efficiency through energy conservation and improved technology will be important issues of the future. More effective measures to ensure efficient utilization of energy will be introduced.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Issues of global warming have been in the news for a long time. The global temperature of our world is rising because of the bad effect from human activities. Due to this, the sea level is increasing from year to year as the effect from the increased temperature. In Nigeria, the average temperature is more than 30°C, which is considered very hot and realized that our country has the potential to make full use of solar energy which will produce electricity. Many uptown people are using cooling system to overcome this effect. On the other hand, people of rural communities find it difficult to afford a cooling system as the maintenance cost is high. According to the research, the standard of living shows that there is a big gap between the rich and the poor. The development of a solar powered evaporative cooling system is probably a reasonably good solution to provide comfortable living and to allow the rural folks to enjoy proper facilities, such as air conditioning systems

1.3 Research Objectives

The main aim of this project is design and construction of solar powered evaporative air cooler. . Also this project is to produce an energy saving cooler which is economical and consumes less power. This would provide a comfortable environment for rural communities as the one-off cost related to solar powered air cooler would definitely benefit them in the long run.

While the research objectives are:

• To produce an energy saving cooler which is economical and consumes less power.
• To design and build a cost effective energy-saving solar powered evaporative cooler
• To construct and assemble the necessary components
• To test the designed and constructed the device step by step to ensure proper functioning
• To know the step by step required to design and construct this project.

1.4       Scope of the Project

The scope of this project is to design an energy-saving evaporative cooling system that uses solar energy as its power source. Since Nigeria is blessed with enough daily sunshine, therefore it can be safely assumed that devices that are designed to utilize solar energy can be practical and there should not be any problem in implementing solar powered technologies.

1.5       Contribution to Knowledge

This project will contribute greatly to the society by reducing the amount of energy required to refrigerate necessities such as vaccines and agricultural products, which, in turn, creates cost savings and benefits the environment by using renewable energy and reducing the use of ozone depleting materials. Furthermore, unlike mechanical cooling, evaporative cooling does not recirculate the warm, polluted indoor air, but ventilates 100% fresh, filtered, clean, and cooled air into a room or building. As a result, the indoor air quality substantially improves.

• This technology is cheaper and can efficiently improve indoor air quality and it is suitable for residential application especially for villages, schools and offices where there is a power outage problem or no grid extension.
• Aside from delivering cool air and making the summer season tolerable for you, evaporative coolers are ideal for hot and dry areas because they add moisture and humidity to the space.
• Another benefits of evaporative cooling systems is that they are extremely energy efficient compared to a standard air conditioner. In truth, an evaporative cooler consumes 50 per cent to 75 per cent less electricity than an air conditioner. Given that an evaporative cooler does not have a compressor and no refrigerant operation, it can help in significant energy savings. You can learn in detail about how much it costs to run an evaporative cooler by clicking here.
• Evaporative cooling is a highly economical and recommended cooling method for places with dry climates. It is because the air in a dry environment has low humidity and greater potential to absorb water vapour. Remember that an evaporative cooler uses humidification to reduce air temperature. Given that dry weather causes respiratory distress by drying out the lining of the throat and nose, skin dehydration, alteration of respiratory mucous membranes, and rhinitis, evaporative coolers improve comfort by increasing the moisture level in the air.

1.6 Methodology

In designing and fabricating of this project. The following method would be adopted:

• Surfing the net for information.
• Collecting literature.
• Construction of the Device
• Testing the fabricated machine.

1.7 Definition of Terms

1. Solar: Solar technologies convert sunlight into electrical energy either through photovoltaic (PV) panels or through mirrors that concentrate solar radiation. This energy can be used to generate electricity or be stored in batteries or thermal storage
2. Cooling: Cooling is removal of heat, usually resulting in a lower temperature and/or phase change. Temperature lowering achieved by any other means may also be called cooling. The transfer of thermal energy may occur via thermal radiation, heat conduction or convection.

iii. Cooling system: cooling system, apparatus employed to keep the temperature of a structure or device from exceeding limits imposed by needs of safety and efficiency. If overheated, the oil in a mechanical transmission loses its lubricating capacity, while the fluid in a hydraulic coupling or converter leaks under the pressure created.

1. Refrigerator: A refrigerator, colloquially fridge, is a commercial and home appliance consisting of a thermally insulated compartment and a heat pump (mechanical, electronic or chemical) that transfers heat from its inside to its external environment so that its inside is cooled to a temperature below the room temperature
2. Evaporation: happens when a liquid turns into a gas. It can be easily visualized when rain puddles “disappear” on a hot day or when wet clothes dry in the sun. In these examples, the liquid water is not actually vanishing—it is evaporating into a gas, called water vapor. Evaporation happens on a global scale.
3. Air conditioning: Air conditioning, often abbreviated as A/C or AC, is the process of removing heat from an enclosed space to achieve a more comfortable interior environment.

vii. Air conditioner: An air conditioner is a system that is used to cool down a space by removing heat from the space and moving it to some outside area. The cool air can then be moved throughout a building through ventilation.

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Full Project – Design, construction and performance of a solar powered evaporative air cooling system