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Full Project – INFLUENCE OF STUDENTS TO STAFF RATIO POPULATION SIZE ON STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN IKORODU LGA, LAGOS-NIGERIA

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Student–teacher ratio is the number of students who attend a school or university divided by the number of teachers in the institution. For example, a student–teacher ratio of 10:1 indicates that there are 10 students for every one teacher. The term can also be reversed to create a teacher–student ratio. Smaller classes benefit all pupils because of individual attention from teachers, but low-attaining pupil’s benefit more at the secondary school level. Pupils in large classes drift off task because of too much instruction from the teacher to the whole class instead of individual attention, and low-attaining students are most affected. Students benefit in later grades from being in small classes during early grades. Longer periods in small classes resulted in more increases in achievement in later grades for all students.

Most of the governments of the world spend a significant amount of their budget on resource inputs in the education sector. They make decisions about providing resource inputs to enhance student achievement and performance. Moreover, not all these decisions are easy to take, especially in the third world countries where mismanagement makes the problem more adverse. Kemerer (2009) remarked that resources are scarce, especially in low-income countries; policy makers cannot afford errors in the choice of allocations. To reduce the scope for mistakes, the true picture of the determinants of education outcome is desirable. Resource inputs have a vital role in the education process. Student achievement at any point is a cumulative function of the current and the prior resource inputs such as family, peers’ influence and institutional resource inputs. However, all these factors are outside the direct control of an educationist. Therefore, an educationist directly deals with and controls the school specific resource inputs.

The poor funding of education in most third world countries does not enable the school system to have manageable class sizes, adequate student classroom space and appropriate class utilization rates. In spite of the fact that these factors determine the productivity of teachers and students’ academic achievement, governments do not show adequate concern about the deterioration in the standard of education in the countries (Flanders, 2007).

Many things affect the quality of education. Such things as teacher educational quality, the pupil intellectual quotient, pupil health condition, quality teaching in the school, location of school, social and environmental factors, curriculum, the type of instruction i.e. teacher-centered (e.g. pupils listen, answer questions, practice, etc.) or pupil-centered, (e.g. Problem solving, creative projects, etc.) as well as students-teacher ratio among other things (Withal, 2009). Every formal education setting involves students-teacher relationship. The nomenclature of the teacher depends on the model of interaction. According to Davis (2002), teacher can be described as a tutor if he gives private lessons to one student or a small group and he is directly paid by them. He is called a director (rector) if he gives instruction to the learners on how to go about the learning process. He is described as a monitor if he observes how the student is learning, and he is called a supervisor if he oversees the students’ learning activity. The nature of the subject also has a part to play in determining the influence of the teacher- student ratio. If the subject is basically theoretical; or basically practical or both; the ratio will not be the same in all the cases.

Over the years, perennial problem of classroom congestion, poverty level and low classroom utilization rates in Nigeria worsen the situation of education. Education in the country is poorly funded, hence most of the public schools experience classroom congestion, low students-classroom-space and low classroom utilization rates; hence these situations may likely affect students’ academic achievement adversely. The large number of students passing through the system in Nigeria is a serious problem, particularly with the state government’s inability to provide adequate furnished equipments. For instance, it was recorded that 1,644,110 candidates sat for the 2013 Joint Admission and Matriculation Board Examination and of which only 10 candidates scored 300 marks and above and 127,017 scored less than 159 marks (JAMB, 2013). This implies that the state of education in Nigeria is very poor which demand urgent attention of all the stakeholders in the educational sector so as to avert the anomaly. The National policy on Education prescribed a maximum of 30 students in a class, but in most schools in the country, average class size exceeds 50. The situation has negative impact on the average classroom space per student. Yet, these students need to learn in comfort. In most of the public schools in the country, the classroom utilization rate is perpetually high; this is because most of the schools have exceeded the number of students they can cater for. The few schools that have enough teaching staff, at times have low classroom utilization rates, perhaps because of poor supervision. This situation does not favour academic learning (Dave, 2008). Students’ achievement in any teaching and learning situation is very important. Unfortunately, students’ performance in secondary schools in Nigeria has not been very encouraging as consistently highlighted by the moderators and chief Examiners reports and WAEC and NECO results for past decade.

Academic achievement is one of the leading goals and big challenge for an educational system. According to Cuban (2004), class-size and students to staff ratio population size has a great impact on the quality of education and academic success of students. There is no doubt that pupil-teacher ratio and per-student outgoings are some of the important resource inputs for any academic institution. Lesser the ratio of student and teacher in the class better is the probability of improving the quality of education and accomplishing the academic goals of institutions. Quality of education is very crucial for strategic planning of academic goals and tag along with the pace of developed world. However, the problem at stake is whether students to staff ratio population size has any implication for the quality of education. Based on the foregoing, this study is aimed at examining the influence of students to staff ratio population size on students’ academic achievement in secondary schools in Ikorodu local government area of Lagos state.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The problem of poor performance is apparently assuming a dimension that could affect the entire situation in the country (Onasanya, 2002). Nevertheless, there are many factors that affect student achievement, but the purpose of this study is to explore and analyze the influences of students to staff ratio population size as well as student-teacher interaction dynamics at the secondary school level as a determinant of students’ academic achievement.

1.3 Research Question

This research will provide answers to the following questions:

What is the students’ enrolment and numbers of teachers in the selected secondary schools in Ikorodu local government area?

Is there any relationship (association) between the independent variables i.e. student teacher ratio and class size, and the dependent variable academic achievement?

To what extent does students-teacher ratio and class size influence secondary school students’ academic achievement in Ikorodu local government area of Lagos State?

What is the influence of conducive learning environment on secondary school students’ academic achievement in Ikorodu local government area of Lagos State?

What are the alleviating measures for combating the problems identified in this study?

1.4 Research Hypotheses

In order to identify the variables and to accomplish the purpose of this study, the following hypotheses were postulated in null form for the purpose of this study:

H_O1 – There is no significant difference in performance of students in schools with low students-teacher ratio and students in schools with high students’ teacher ratio.

H_O2 – There is no significant difference between the performance of male and female students of low students to staff ratio population size school.

H_O3 – There is no significant difference between the performance of male and female students of high students to staff ratio population size school.

1.5 Purpose of the Study

The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of students-teacher ratio on students’ academic achievement with special reference to secondary schools in Ikorodu local government area of Lagos State.

Specific Objectives of the Study

The study will be meant:-

To identify student enrolment and numbers of teachers for calculating student teacher ratios and class sizes.
To identify the relationship (association) between the independent variables i.e. student teacher ratio and class size, and the dependent variable academic achievement
To find out whether students to staff ratio population size influence secondary school students’ performance in Ikorodu local government area of Lagos State.
To identify some guiding principles towards optimal learning outcome in Ikorodu local government area of Lagos State.

1.6 Significance of the Study

Since the central focus of this study is to assess the influence of students-teacher ratio on students’ academic achievement with special reference to Ikorodu local government area of Lagos state. It will be of great benefit to teachers, students, government and all other stakeholders in education.

It was assumed that grasping the impact of the identified variables on the students’ academic achievement could lead to a deeper insight into how such variables can be explored to improve the academic achievement in schools. However, the findings of the study would be useful to teachers as they work toward providing learning experiences that are motivating to students. The findings would be of immense value to the schools as they aim at giving better and sound education to the students. It is believed that the findings of this study and recommendations would bring to the fore the need for government to invest more on education. Moreso, this study would be of immense benefit to the future researchers who intend to work in the area of students-teacher ratio and academic achievement.

1.7 Scope of the Study

The scope of this study covers the influence of students-teacher ratio on students’ academic achievement of both junior and senior secondary school in Ikorodu local government area of Lagos State.

1.8 Limitations of the Study

This study is subjected to limitation and challenges that accompany any research work that make use of questionnaire like; non-compliance of some respondents and inadequate information regarding the problem under investigation. Finally, financial and time constraints were also some of the challenges that pose a lot of limitations on the scope of this study.

1.9 Definition of Terms

Student-Teacher Ratio: This refers to the number of students enrolled per teacher in an institution of learning. It is obtained by dividing total number of student enrolment by the number of teachers available.

Student Academic achievement: This can be described as the display of knowledge and skills attained by the students as shown by scores or grade gotten at the end of the degree course.

Teaching: This is an act of imparting knowledge /skill to a person /learner about a subject.

Learning: This is a relatively permanent change in behaviour as a result of past experiences. It could also be described as an act of acquiring knowledge or skills. It is synonymously called ‘inclination’.

Teacher: This is the person that impact knowledge to a learner for the purpose of skills acquisition.

Schools: These are institutions for educating children /learners or giving instruction. It can also be described as a place where formal education is being given to the learner.

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Full Project – INFLUENCE OF STUDENTS TO STAFF RATIO POPULATION SIZE ON STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN IKORODU LGA, LAGOS-NIGERIA

Full Project – INFLUENCE OF STUDENTS TO STAFF RATIO POPULATION SIZE ON STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN IKORODU LGA, LAGOS-NIGERIA

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