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Full Project – Design and implementation of an online birth rate monitoring information system

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Birth registration is the process by which a child’s birth is recorded in the civil register by the government authority. It provides the first legal recognition of the child and is generally required for the child to obtain a birth certificate and as a result, any other legal documents and rights. Birth registration opens the door to rights to children and adults which many other human beings take for granted: to prove their age; to prove their nationality; to receive healthcare; to go to school; to take exams; to be adopted; to protection from under-age military service or conscription; to marry; to open a bank account; to hold a driving license; to obtain a passport; to inherit money or property; and to vote or stand for elected office.

Birth registration is also part of a broader strategy to ensure that children are less vulnerable to abuse and exploitation, especially if separated from their parents. In the absence of a functioning birth registration system, it is difficult to see how a country can enforce age-related legal concerns such as schooling, child labour, juvenile justice, early marriage, sexual exploitation and military recruitment. Recent natural disasters and calamities have also demonstrated the utility of a birth certificate for reuniting lost children with their families.

Birth registration is the first step towards recognizing a child’s inalienable right as a human being. Globally the births of more than 50 million children – which represents more than 40 per cent of total births worldwide – go unregistered each year. In Nigeria, about 70 % of the 5 million children born annually in Nigeria are not being registered at birth. It is important that the registered child receive a birth certificate, since it is this that provides permanent, official and visible evidence of a state’s legal recognition of his or her existence as a member of society. Birth registration enables a child to receive medical treatment, go to school, inherit property, prevent child exploitation and find legal work. All these rely on birth registration to prove identity and thus entitlement to basic rights.

According to Brumberg et al. (2012), most countries have statutes and laws that regulate the registration of births. In all countries, it is the responsibility of the mother’s physician, midwife, hospital administrator, or the parent(s) of the child to see that the birth is properly registered with the appropriate government agency. The actual record of birth is stored with a government agency. That agency will issue certified copies or representations of the original birth record upon request, which can be used to apply for government benefits, such as passports. The certification is signed and/or sealed by the registrar or other custodian of birth records, who is commissioned by the government.

The ways computer application is embraced in every aspect of human life shows that every activity, organization cooperation, companies, hospitals etc need to be computerized. Hospital activities are not left out. The information revolution that has moved from the individual age to the information age is as a result of several developments is in electronic and information. The high to revolution and computer in particular is availability of power at modest cost for the consumption of business organization makes the difference. The introduction of microcomputer to information processing gives to all levels of managers, more power to retrieve and process information; it is not a difficult task to computer specialist.

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The documentation of births is a practice widely held throughout human civilization, especially in China, Egypt, Greece, Rome, and Persia. The original purpose of vital statistics was for tax purposes and for the determination of available military work force. In England, births were initially registered with churches, who maintained registers of births. This practice continued into the 19th century. The compulsory registration of births with the United Kingdom government is a practice that originated at least as far back as 1853.

The first attempt at collecting data on births in Nigeria started in 1863 with the promulgation of the Ordinance No. 21 at the Lagos Colony though actual registration of these events started in 1892. The success spurred the government to expand the program to villages bordering the colony including Warri in 1903 and Calabar in 1904. However, the first conscious effort to have a universal system of registration of births and deaths in Nigeria was in 1979. This was when the Federal Government, in search of an alternative source of demographic data, promulgated the ‘Births and Deaths Compulsory Registration’ Decree 39 of 1979′.

Between year 2003 and 2005, the National Population Commission (NPC) has developed an Action Plan to create a more sustainable birth registration system. The plan included the involvement of every part of society, local communities and stakeholders, especially to help raise awareness on the importance of birth registration. In addition, efforts were made for a better coordination between relevant government ministries and institutions involved in birth registration processes. The NPC waived the payment of registration fees for three years (from July 2005-July 2008). Payment of fees in the past had hindered considerable number of parents form registering the births of their children. The waiver, coupled with heightened sensitization, resulted in a slight increase of birth registration from a former national 28 percent in 2001 to an average of 30.2 percent in 2006.

Ethiope West is a Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria. Its headquarters are in the town of Oghara Town. It has an area of 536 km² and a population of 203,592 at the 2006 census. The postal code of the area is 331. Several towns and villages make up Ethiope West LGA and these include, Jesse, Mosogar, Egbeku, Egbo, Obramudu, Otumara, Umoro, Atiwor, Osoguo. Ugbakele, and Ukuegbagha. The estimated population of Ethiope West LGA is 129,772 inhabitants with the vast majority of the area’s populace being members of the Urhobo ethnic affiliation. The Urhobo language is the widely spoken language in Ethiope West while the religion of Christianity is the most practiced in the LGA. Prominent traditional rulers in Ethiope west LGA include the Ovie of Oghara while important landmarks in Ethiope west LGA include the Western Delta University and the Delta state polytechnic in Otefe-Oghara.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The lowest levels of birth registration are found in sub-Saharan Africa (43%) and Nigeria is highly involved in this dilemma. Children whose births are unregistered and do not have a birth certificate, may not be able to claim the services and protections due to them. It is difficult for unregistered children to prove their legal identity and to access services. In Nigeria, research findings of National Population Commission, 2010 about 70 % of the 5 million children born annually in Nigeria are not being registered at birth. It was added that in Nigeria, 7 out of 10 Children do not have a birth Certificate. Having seen the vitality of the birth registration process and the problems surrounding the circumstance, it was on that backdrop that this study seeks to develop a system of birth registration that will ease the process for health workers and National Population Commission at the local government level.

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study is to design and implement an online birth registration information system.

The objectives are as follows;

To simplify the process of birth registration in the local government
To avoid data redundancy due to multiple registration of some births
To provide a system that is immune to flood or fire hazard.
To prepare an organized database that is computerized for the records of birth in the region

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Over the years, birth registration has been regarded that as a right of the child to an identity and a nationality. With regard to the current deficiency of birth registration in Nigeria, this study is considered important to the entire society, as it will unveil a simpler approach to conduct birth registration and also lead to accuracy of vital registration report. It will also serve as benchmark to other related studies in the future.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study is focused on designing and implementing a computerized birth registration system in the Ethiope West Local Government National Population Commission.

1.6 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

This design was limited by finance, times and resources to include a wider scope such as creating a stand-alone software of the system, thus the system was proposed to be embedded on the existing institution website.

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Birth: this is the process or act of reproduction or yield offspring’s by humans.
Birth registration: Birth registration is the process by which a child’s birth is recorded in the civil register by the government authority.
Birth certificate: A birth certificate is a vital record that documents the birth of a child. The term “birth certificate” can refer to either the original document certifying the circumstances of the birth or to a certified copy of or representation of the ensuing registration of that birth.
Manual System: Any system that does not involve the use of electronic computer.
Computerized System: This is process of operation of integrated with a computer system.
Database: A systematized collection of data that can be access immediately and manipulated by a data processing system for a specific purpose
Online: An online is a condition of connected to a network of computers of other devices. The term is frequently used to describe someone who is currently connected to the internet.
Online Registration: An online registration system eliminates the need of filling paper forms manually and sending them to a registration office.
Website: A website is a collection of web pages and related content that is identified by a common domain name and published on at least one web server.

Internet: this is a global connection of computer network co-operating with each other to exchange data using common software standard protocols
Data: These are raw fact that to proposed into meaningful information

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