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Full Project – Design and implementation of fingerprint based ATM system

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0 INTRODUCTION

In the nearest future, ATM will have biometric authentication techniques to verify the owner of ATM card at the time of transaction. Biometrics technologies use biological information like iris prints, facial features, and vocal patterns, and so on to identify people. Prabhakar et al. (2003), stated that biometrics is best defined as measurable physiological or behavioural characteristics that can be utilized to verify the identity of an individual. They include fingerprints, retinal and its scanning, hand geometry, voice patterns, facial recognition and other techniques. They are of interest in any area where it is important to verify the true identity of an individuals. Initially, these techniques were employed primarily in specialist high security application, however we are now seeing their use in a much broader range of public facing situation. Biometrics are automated methods of recognizing a person based on a physiological or behavioural characteristic. Biometric-based solutions are able to provide for confidential financial transactions and personal data privacy. The various features used are face, fingerprints, hand geometry, handwriting, iris, retina, vein and voice.

Okechukwu et al. (2012), asserted that biometric can be used to identify physical and behavioural characteristics of user fingerprints. There are many biometric devices like iris detection, face recognition, fingerprint. In our Project, we are using fingerprint biometrics. Users fingerprint are scanned using biometric trait and stored in database. All fingerprints have unique characteristics and patterns. A normal fingerprint pattern is made up of lines and spaces. These lines are called ridges while the spaces between the ridges are called valleys. Fingerprint biometrics are easy to use, cheap and most suitable for everyone. Characteristics of fingerprint vary from person to person.

According to Vijayalakshmi et al. (2013), fingerprint are unique identity of user. Fingerprinting or finger-scanning technologies are the oldest of the biometric sciences and utilize distinctive features of the fingerprint to identify or verify the identity of individuals. Finger-scan technology is the most commonly deployed biometric technology, used in a broad range of physical access and logical access applications. All fingerprints have unique characteristics and patterns. A normal fingerprint pattern is made up of lines and spaces. These lines are called ridges while the spaces between the ridges are called valleys. It is through the pattern of these ridges that a unique fingerprint is matched for verification and authorization. These unique fingerprint traits are termed “minutiae” and comparisons are made based on these traits.

Esan and Ngwira (2013), pointed that a modern ATM is typically made up of the devices like CPU to control the user interface and devices related to transaction, Magnetic or Chip card reader to identify the customer, PIN Pad, Secure crypto-processor generally within a secure cover, Display to be used by the customer for performing the transaction, Function key buttons, Record Printer to provide the customer with a record of their transaction, to store the parts of the machinery requiring restricted access -Vault , Housing for aesthetics, Sensors and Indicators. Fingerprint technology is the most widely accepted and mature biometric method.

Fingerprint scanning is one of the type of biometrics system .We are using finger for accessing the ATM machine for transaction. We are using this system because its easy to install. We don’t have to remove the current ATM machine. The working process of ATM fingerprint deal with accessing the data from server. Before accessing process we need to get authentication from bank. Bank employee scan fingerprint using biometric machine. Jobling and Gill (2014) argued that biometric machine extract the feature of fingerprint and store in to database this complete process is called enrolment process. When customer want to use the ATM machine with Biometric Scanned first he have to place his finger at Biometric scanner will scan his feature and compare that extracted feature with stored Feature, if feature matches than the person is allowed for transaction otherwise it not process.

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

According to Das and Jhunu, (2011) biometric history indicates that the science did not originate at a single place. People all over the world were using the basics for mainly identifying individuals from each other. The history of biometrics dates back to a long time. Possibly the most primary known instance of biometrics in practice was a form of finger printing being used in china in the 14^th century as reported by explorer Joao de Barros. Barros wrote that the Chinese merchants were stamping children’s palm prints and footprints on paper with ink so as to differentiate the young children from one another. This is one of the most primitives known cases of biometrics in use and is still being used today.

People have long recognized that some personal traits are distinct to each individuals and have long identified other people on the basis of their physical characteristics. Such recognition is not limited to faces. For example, friends or relatives talking on the telephone recognize one another’s voices. Scientists know for from a number of archaeological artifacts that ancient civilizations, such as those of Babylonia and China, recognized the individuality of fingerprint impressions. Even today, in countries such as India, where a large segment of the population is illiterate and cannot sign their names, thumbprint impression is considered a legal signature.

In 1882, Alphonse Bertillon, chief of the criminal identification division of the police department in Paris, France, developed a detailed method of identification based on certain bodily measurements, physical descriptions, and photographs. The Bertillon System of Anthropometric Identification gained wide acceptance before fingerprint identification superseded it. Biometric characteristics such as signatures, fingerprints, and DNA samples have legal status throughout the world. In most countries these characteristics can be used as evidence in a court of law to establish proof of identity. Researchers have developed elaborate systems of rules, based on indexing characteristics, for the appropriate use of this biometrics in establishing identity. These rules are used to help decide whether a pair of biometric measurements belongs to the same person and for determining whether a pair of biometric measurements belongs to the same person and for determining whether a particular person is already included in a biometric database (Stewart, 2010).

The cost of implementation is the single most important factor in the widespread adoption of biometrics. Some biometrics sensors, such as microphones for speech input, are already inexpensive. Other types of sensors, such as digital cameras for facial imaging, are becoming more common. Still others, such as fingerprint sensors, remain extremely expensive. The cost of storing biometric templates and of the computing power required to process and match biometric measurements continues to decrease with advances in technology. Another factor that could affect the adoption of biometrics is the negative perception of biometrics as related to privacy. If that negative perception diminishes sufficiently, the public may accept biometrics as an effective means of privacy protection and as a means of protection from fraud.

According to Hong (2008), the concept of biometrics probably began with the human use of facial features to identify other people. Modern biometrics, however, started in the 1880s when Alphonse Bertillon, chief of the criminal identification, division of the police department in Paris, France, developed a method of identification based on a number of bodily measurements. One of the most well-known biometric characteristics is the fingerprint. British scientist Sir Francis Galton proposed the use of fingerprints for identification purposes in the late 19th century. He wrote a detailed study of fingerprints in which he presented a new classification system using prints of all ten figures, which is the basis of identification systems still in use. British Police Official Sir Richard Edward Henry introduced fingerprinting in the 1890s as a means of identifying criminals. Automatic fingerprint-based identifications systems have been commercially available since the early 1960s. Until the 1990s these systems were used primarily by the police and in certain security applications.

Biometrics technologies measure a particular set of a person’s vital statistics in order to determine identity. In the most contemporary computer science applications, the term “life measurements” adapts a slightly different role.

Biometrics in the high technology sector refers to a particular class of identification technologies. These technologies use an individual’s unique biological traits to determine one’s identity (Mccoy and Rick 2006).

While biometric systems, particularly automatic fingerprint identification systems (AFIS), has been widely used in forensics for criminal identification, progress in biometric sensors and matching algorithms have led to the deployment of biometric authentication in a large number of civilian and government applications. Biometrics is being used for physical access control, computer log-in, welfare disbursement, international border crossing and national ID cards. It can be used to verify a customer during transactions conducted via telephone and Internet (electronics commerce and electronic banking). In automobiles, biometrics is being adopted to replace keys for keyless entry and keyless ignition. Due to increased security threats, the ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) has approved the use of e-passports (passports with an embedded chip containing the holder’s facial image and other traits).

Ibiyemi et al. (2012) added that apart from its Chinese genesis, use of biometrics was also noted elsewhere in the world. Up until the late 1800s, identification largely relied upon “photographic memory”. In the 1990, an anthropologist and police desk clerk in Paris, Alphonse Bertillon, decided to fix the problem of identifying convicted criminals and turned biometrics into a distinct field of study.

Bertillon developed a technique of multiple body measurements which later got named after him Bertillonage. His method was then used by the police authorities throughout the world, until it quickly faded when it was discovered that some people shared the same measurements and based on the measurements alone, two people could get treated as one.

After the failure of Bertillonage, the police started using finger printing, which was developed by Richard Edward Henry of Scotland Yard, essentially reverting to the same methods used by the Chinese for years (which still is going strong).

Biometric history in the recent past (three decades) has seen drastic advancements and the technology have moved from a single method (fingerprinting) to more than ten prudent methods. Companies involved with the new methods have grown into the hundreds and continue to improve their methods as the technology available to them also advances. Prices for the hardware required continue to fall making systems more feasible for low and mid-level budgets and thus making this more adaptable in small businesses and even households (Ibiyemi et al., 2012).

As the industry grows however, so does the public concern over privacy issues. Laws and regulations continue to be drafted and standards are beginning to be developed. While no other biometric has yet reached the breadth of use of fingerprinting some are beginning to be used legal and business areas.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Over the years, customers have been mostly looking on trusting the services of the ATM Machine while attempting to meet their banking needs. Using an ATM, customers will access their bank accounts so as to create money withdrawals, debit card cash advances, and check their account balances further. Despite the many benefits of ATM system, ATM fraud has recently become a lot of widespread. Fraud technique like card theft, shoulders surfing (spying of transaction pin and Card CVC and number etc. has been on the trend recently especially with the advent of the widespread activities of youth involvement in internet fraudsters (yahoo-yahoo). So as to extend the amount of security in ATM system, use of biometric technique helps for easy verification and thus it is against this backdrop that this study was carried out.

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The main aim of this project is to provide fingerprint as authorized identity in banking operation and to design a more secure ATM system.

The objectives of this study are stated as follow:

To provide an authentication system on ATM operation for withdrawal after the entry of a correct pin.
To provide second level authentication system in a scenario where customer specified withdrawal limit.
To provide authentication and verification process on the existing ATM machine to make a successful and secure transaction.
To aid the attempts of curbing skimming activities in the ATM
To design a more secured transaction process for financial institutions

1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY

This study covers the use of fingerprint feature of biometric in validating account identity to permit transaction with the use of the ATM. This study is not limited to computer science department or Information Technology as a whole, but encompasses a wide range of computer and information technology (ICT).

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of this study will be important to banks, security agencies and researchers because the system provides an advanced security system in the functioning of the ATM transactions and thus the issues of stolen or hacked debit card will be drastically reduced

1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

There was no enough time allocated for the careful execution of the project as well as unavailability of an Automated Teller Machine (ATM) to practically test the implementation of the designed system.

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Computer: This is a machine that performs tasks, such as calculations or electronic communication, under the control of a set of instructions called a program.

Database: This is any collection of data organized for storage in a computer memory and designed for easy access by authorized users.

Iris: The colored part of the eye that consists of a muscular diaphragm surrounding the pupil and regulate the light entering the eye by expanding and contracting the pupil.

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