Full Project – Different methods of family planning and their implications to females
Click here to Get this Complete Project Chapter 1-5
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Use of contraception prevents pregnancy-related health risks for women, especially for adolescent girls, and when births are separated by less than two years, the infant mortality rate is 45% higher than it is when births are 2-3 years and 60% higher than it is when births are four or more years apart[1]. It offers a range of potential non-health benefits that encompass expanded education opportunities and empowerment for women, and sustainable population growth and economic development for countries.
Modern contraceptive prevalence among Married women of reproductive age (MWRA) increased worldwide between 2000 and 2019 by 2.1 percentage points from 55.0% (95% UI 53.7%–56.3%) to 57.1% (95% UI 54.6%–59.5%)1. Reasons for this slow increase include: limited choice of methods; limited access to services, particularly among young, poorer and unmarried people; fear or experience of side-effects; cultural or religious opposition; poor quality of available services; users’ and providers’ bias against some methods; and gender-based barriers to accessing services.
Different methods of family planning and their implications to females, they include:
- The condom
- The oral contraceptive pill
- Intrauterine Device (IUD)
- The contraceptive implant
- The contraceptive injection
- Emergency contraception pill (The ‘morning after’ pill)
- Contraceptive ring
- Diaphragm
The Condom
The condom is the only form of contraception that protects against most STIs as well as preventing pregnancy. This method of contraception can be used on demand, is hormone free and can easily be carried with you. And it comes in male and female varieties.
Male condoms are rolled onto an erect penis and act as a physical barrier, preventing sexual fluids from passing between people during sex. The female condom is placed into the vagina right before sex. Based on typical use, the female condom is not quite as effective as the male latex condom and it may take a little practice to get used to.
Pros include: It’s the best protection against STIs; can be used on demand; hormone free.
Cons include: It can tear or come off during sex if not used properly; some people are allergic to latex condoms.
The Oral Contraceptive Pill
It’s the little tablet taken once a day. The oral contraceptive pill is the most commonly reported method of contraception used by Australian women. There are a few different types of pill to choose from, so it’s about finding the one that’s right for you. The combined pill contains estrogen and progestin and mini pill contains only one hormone, a progestin. The pill can have many benefits, however remembering to take it on time is a must.
Pros of taking the pill include: Highly effective when used correctly; permits sexual spontaneity and doesn’t interrupt sex; some pills may even reduce heavy and painful periods and/or may have a positive effect on acne.
Cons include: Forgetting to take your pill means it won’t be as effective; it can only be used by women; is not suitable for women who can’t take oestrogen-containing contraception; it does not protect against STIs.
The pill is only available by getting a prescription from a medical professional so visit your local doctor or sexual health clinic.
Intrauterine Device (IUD)
This small, T-shaped device is made from made of material containing progesterone hormone or plastic and copper and is fitted inside a woman’s uterus by a trained healthcare provider. It’s a long-acting and reversible method of contraception, which can stay in place for three to 10 years, depending on the type.
Some IUDs contain hormones that are gradually released to prevent pregnancy. The IUD can also be an effective emergency contraception if fitted by a healthcare professional within five days (120 hours) of having unprotected sex.
IUDs containing coppers are 99% effective and the ones containing hormones are 99.8% effective, so you’re about as protected as you possibly can be by a contraceptive method.
Cons include: Irregular bleeding and spotting occurs in the first six months of use; requires a trained healthcare provider for insertion and removal; does not protect against STIs.
The Contraceptive Implant
In this method, a small, flexible rod is placed under the skin in a woman’s upper arm, releasing a form of the hormone progesterone. The hormone stops the ovary releasing the egg and thickens the cervical mucus making it difficult for sperm to enter the womb. The implant requires a small procedure using local anesthetic to fit and remove the rod and needs to be replaced after three years.
Pros of the implant include: Highly effective; doesn’t interrupt sex; is a long-lasting, reversible contraceptive option.
Cons include: Requires a trained healthcare provider for insertion and removal; sometimes there can be irregular bleeding initially; does not protect against STIs.
The Contraceptive Injection
The injection contains a synthetic version of the hormone progestogen. It is given into a woman’s buttock or the upper arm, and over the next 12 weeks the hormone is slowly released into your bloodstream.
Pros: The injection lasts for up to three months; is very effective; permits sexual spontaneity and doesn’t interrupt sex.
Cons: The injection may cause disrupted periods or irregular bleeding; it requires keeping track of the number of months used; itdoes not protect against STIs.
Emergency Contraception Pill (The ‘Morning After’ Pill)
The Emergency Contraception Pill can be used to prevent pregnancy after sex if contraception wasn’t used, a condom has broken during sex, or a woman has been sexually assaulted.
While it is sometimes call the ‘Morning After’ pill, it can actually be effective for up to five days after having unprotected sex. The sooner it is taken, the more effective it is; when taken in the first three days after sex, it prevents about 85% of expected pregnancies.
This pill contains special doses of female hormones. Any woman can take the emergency contraception pill, even those who cannot take other oral contraceptive pills. It can be bought over the counter at a pharmacy or chemist without a prescription.
The common side effects of the emergency contraceptive include nausea, vomiting and the next period may be early or delayed. Emergency contraception does not protect against STIs.
Contraceptive Ring
This method consists of a flexible plastic ring constantly releasing hormones that is placed in the vagina by the woman. It stays in place for three weeks, and then you remove it, take a week off then pop another one in. The ring releases the hormones oestrogen and progestogen. These are the same hormones used in the combined oral contraceptive pill, but at a lower dose.
Pros include: You can insert and remove a vaginal ring yourself; this contraceptive method has few side effects, allows control of your periods and allows your fertility to return quickly when the ring is removed.
Cons include: It is not suitable for women who can’t take oestrogen-containing contraception; you need to remember to replace it at the right time; does not protect against STIs.
Diaphragm
A diaphragm is a small, soft silicon dome is placed inside the vagina to stop sperm from entering the uterus. It forms a physical barrier between the man’s sperm and the woman’s egg, like a condom.
The diaphragm needs to stay in place for at least six hours after sex. After six – but no longer than 24 hours after sex – it needs to be taken out and cleaned.
Some of the pros: You can use the same diaphragm more than once, and it can last up to two years if you look after it.
Some of the cons: Using a diaphragm can take practice and requires keeping track of the hours inserted. The diaphragm works fairly well if used correctly, but not as well as the pill, a contraceptive implant or an IUD.
1.2 Statement of the problems
In Nigeria, there is a high level of knowledge about family planning but most women still do not make use of family planning services. There are still a number of factors that women point at as reasons for not using a method. Challenges to the uptake of family planning services as identified by previous studies include factors such as spousal disapproval, religious beliefs, cultural disapproval, fertility desires and fear of side effects, long distances of sources, poor services of family planning clinics, limited knowledge and skills of providers, workload at the clinic, inconvenience at the family planning clinic, and cost among others.
1.3 Scope of the study
This research work is limited to Wailari, Kumbotso local government area only, In Kano state.
1.4 Purpose and objectives of the study
The purpose of this research is to determine the different methods of family planning and their implications to females (a case study at Wailari in Kumbotso L.G.A Kano state).
1.4.1 Objectives of the study
The objectives of the study are:
- To find out the knowledge of people towards using methods of family planning
- To determine the practice of wailari females toward different methods of family planning and their implications.
1.5 Significance of the study
The research of this nature will be at use to so many organizations both governmental, loca; government health department, world heath organization (WHO), UNICEF institution of higher learning like college of education, higher institution, Universities for reference designing policy.
1.6 Research questions and hypothesis
- Does the people of Wailari have the knowledge towards different methods of family planning and their implications?
- Do the people of Wailari using methods of family planning and their implications?
1.6.1 Research hypothesis I
Do the people of Wailari Don’t have significance knowledge on the methods of family planning?
1.6.2 Research hypothesis II
The people do not have the significant practice on the methods of family planning
1.7 Definition of terms
Adolescent: Adolescence is a transitional stage of physical and psychological development that generally occurs during the period from puberty to legal adulthood. Adolescence is usually associated with the teenage years, but its physical, psychological or cultural expressions may begin earlier and end later.
Mortality: Mortality rate, or death rate, is a measure of the number of deaths in a particular population, scaled to the size of that population, per unit of time.
Encompass: to form a circle about; encircle; surround: He built a moat to encompass the castle. to enclose; envelop: The folds of a great cloak encompassed her person. to include comprehensively: a work that encompasses the entire range of the world’s religious beliefs.
Empowerment: Is the degree of autonomy and self-determination in people and in communities. This enables them to represent their interests in a responsible and self-determined way, acting on their own authority.
Allergic: A condition in which the immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance.
Latex: Latex is extremely common in healthcare and consumer products. Approximately 40,000 products contain natural latex rubber proteins. Approximately 2,000 of these products are used in healthcare settings. Identifying which products contain latex and which are latex-free can be a tremendous challenge.
Estrogen: Estrogens are a group of hormones that play an important role in the normal sexual and reproductive development in women. They are also sex hormones. The woman’s ovaries make most estrogen hormones, although the adrenal glands and fat cells also make small amounts of the hormones.
Progestin:Progestins are synthetic steroid hormones that activate the progesterone receptor in a similar way to progesterone but each individual progestin has its own distinctive effect. The progestins are used to treat amenorrhea, premenstrual tension and abnormal uterine bleeding.
Anesthetic: is a state of controlled, temporary loss of sensation or awareness that is induced for medical purposes. It may include some or all of analgesia, paralysis, amnesia, and unconsciousness. A person under the effects of anesthetic drugs is referred to as being anesthetized.
Nausea: Is the sensation of an urge to vomit. Nausea can be acute and short-lived, or it can be prolonged. When prolonged, it is a debilitating symptom. Nausea (and vomiting) can be psychological or physical in origin.
Get the Complete Project
This is a premium project material and the complete research project plus questionnaires and references can be gotten at an affordable rate of N3,000 for Nigerian clients and $8 for international clients.
Click here to Get this Complete Project Chapter 1-5
You can also check other Research here:
- Accounting Research Project
- Adult Education
- Agricultural Science
- Banking & Finance
- Biblical Theology & CRS
- Biblical Theology and CRS
- Biology Education
- Business Administration
- Computer Engineering Project
- Computer Science 2
- Criminology Research Project
- Early Childhood Education
- Economic Education
- Education Research Project
- Educational Administration and Planning Research Project
- English
- English Education
- Entrepreneurship
- Environmental Sciences Research Project
- Guidance and Counselling Research Project
- History Education
- Human Kinetics and Health Education
- Management
- Maritime and Transportation
- Marketing
- Marketing Research Project 2
- Mass Communication
- Mathematics Education
- Medical Biochemistry Project
- Organizational Behaviour
- Political Science
- Psychology
- Public Administration
- Public Health Research Project
- More Research Project
- Transportation Management
- Nursing
Full Project – Different methods of family planning and their implications to females