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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Psychoactive drugs are drugs that, when taken in or administered into one’s system, affect mental processes, e.g. perception, consciousness, cognition or mood and emotions. Psychoactive drugs belong to a broader category of psychoactive substances that include also alcohol and nicotine. The abuse of drugs among youths has become a major national problem in Nigeria. The Youths who are expected to be leaders of tomorrow have been rendered useless to themselves and the societies in which they live, due to the impact of drug on them, thus, contributing to the increase in the number of psychiatric patients, street boys, school dropouts and delinquents. Drug abuse is a rapidly growing global problem (Lakhanpal, Agnihotri, 2007; United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime, 2007; Abudu, 2008). The problem of drug abuse poses a significant threat to the social, health, economic fabrics of the families, society and the entire nations (Giade, 2012; Oshodi, Aina & Onajole, 2010). Almost every country in the world is affected from one or more drug being abused by its citizens. The increased of drug abuse globally has brought problems such as increase in violence and crimes and diseases such as HIV/AIDS, collapse of the veins and collapse in the social structure (UNODC, 2007; Oshodi, Aina, & Onajole, 2010).

Horrible youthful activities are widespread in Nigeria to the extent that they have been giving a lot of concern to the society, government and other stake holders in Nigeria. In primary schools, peers engage in organized crimes and disrupt normal academic programs. In secondary schools, the activities of secret cults are known to have been source of threat to lives and property. In tertiary institutions, a lot of ritual killings are taking place. (Abudu, 2008; Oshodi, Aina, & Onajole, 2010). The impact of drug abuse among Nigerian youths has been a feature of a morally bankrupt, corrupt and wasted generation and loss of our societal values and ideals. The situation now appears to be such that no one can argue ignorance of what is happening (Abudu, 2008). “one cannot sit and pretend that he/she has not seen the menace of drug abuse among adolescents” (Hamisu, Ahmad & Lim, 2014). According to Giade, (2011), any nation being used by drug barons as a transit route has the potentials of becoming a drug abuse consumer‟s country, Drug abuse threatens the security of every nation, tearing apart the societies, spawning crime, spreading diseases such as AIDS, and killing youths and the future of the country”.

Odianose (2009) commented that, drug abuse is the “arbitrary” over dependence or misuse of one particular drug with or without a prior medical prescription from qualified health practitioners. Drug abuse may also be defined as the “arbitrary” over dependence or miss-use of one particular drug with or without a prior medical diagnosis from qualified health practitioners (Lakhanpal, & Agnihotri, 2007). Oluremi (2012) stated that Drug abuse is the harmful use of mind altering drugs. It added that the term usually refers to problem with illegal drugs, which also include harmful use of legal prescription drugs, Such as in self-medication. Majority of the Nigerian adolescents ignorantly or deliberately depend on one form of drug or the other for their various daily activities–social, educational, political, moral among others. Such drugs include: Tobacco, Indian hemp, cocaine, morphine, Heroine, Alcohol, ephedrine, Madras, Caffeine, Glue, Barbiturates, and Amphetamines. Other drug abused may include, Panadol, Benilyn, „Burukutu‟, or local beer, cigarette, solution, beer (Shehu, 2008). There is no doubt that the abuse of drug among youth in Nigeria, Nigeria has continued unabated, thereby creating a social and emotional problem for both users and the society because they have now become a burden to their families and the society. Socio-emotional behaviour is the expression of a person that can be in the form of positive or negative way. Samuel (2006), viewed negative socio-emotional behaviour as any condition exhibiting one or more of the following characteristics over a period of time and adversely affecting academic performance, e.g., inability to build or maintain satisfactory interpersonal relationship with peers, pervasive mood of unhappiness and fears associated with personal or school work. Socio-emotional behaviour can be observed when a child is experiencing problem more severe than those experienced by most children, and when such child behaviour in school, home, and society becomes extremely difficult to cope with and the behaviour is strange and disturbing (Onu, 2016).

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Drug abuse and addictive behaviours are now regarded as a major public health and social problem; a universal phenomenon that extends across socio-economic, cultural, religion and ethnic boundaries. The extent of drug abuse has been a hallmark of a morally bankrupt and wasted generation, loss of societal values and ideals.

Based on observation, the researcher realized that youths abuse drugs and sometimes they became addicted to these drugs to the extent that it influences their social and emotional behaviour and their school activities. In addition, the researchers‟ interaction with teachers shows that youth in Nigeria usually start cigarette smoking and eventually mature to using other hard drugs. Peer pressure, personality traits, and social deprivation may also be contributing factors to drug abuse including unstable family life. The many consequences of drug abuse include suicide, increase in the level of absenteeism in school among youths involved in drug abuse, begging for money or stealing, crime, delinquency, homelessness and the spread of HIV infection as a result of substance users using shared syringes and needles.

Based on the above arguments and from the preliminary study revealed that about twenty-two percent of youths in Lagos state were engaged in drug abuse behaviour, the researcher thus found it relevant to carry out a study on drug abuse and it’s health implications among youths in Nigeria.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The major objective of this study was to examine the drug abuse and it’s health implications among youths in Nigeria. The specific objectives are to:

Identify the predominant factors that lead to drug abuse among youth in Nigeria.
Assess the influence of drug abuse on social behaviour among youths in Lagos State.
Assess the influence of drug abuse on emotional behaviour among youth in Nigeria.
Assess how drug abuse influence youths‟ school work in Lagos State.
Investigate the prevalence of drug abuse between male and female youth in Nigeria.

1.4 Research Questions

The following research questions were used for the study

What are the predominant factors that lead to drug abuse among youth in Nigeria?
To what extent does drug abuse influence social behavior among youth in Nigeria?
To what extent does drug abuse influence the emotional behavior among youth in Nigeria?
How does drug abuse influence youths in Nigeria?
What is the prevalence of drug abuse between male and female youth in Nigeria?

1.5 Research Hypotheses

The following null hypotheses were formulated and tested.

There is no significant difference on the factors that influence drug abuse among youth in Nigeria.
There is no significant difference between social behavior of male and female youth who abuse drug in Nigeria.
There is no significant difference between the emotional behavior of male and female youth who abuse drug in Nigeria.
Drug abuse does not significantly influence youths in Nigeria.
There is no significant difference between male and female youths in the rate of drug abuse.

1.6 Significance of the Study

The study will be significant in a number of ways. It will be useful to the youths in schools, by effectively educating the youths on the most prevalent drugs used and abused in schools, factors that influence drug abuse and the effect on their socio-emotional status. The study will also educate youths on the risks involved in drug abuse.

The result of study will enlighten the parents and families, through workshop and seminars, and mass media as it will enable parents to educate their children about the risks of illicit substance use. The parents on the other hand will be enlightened on the prevalence of substance use and abuse in the families. The study will also reveal to the society on the need to eradicate or discourage the use, sale, trafficking and recycling of illegal drugs. The study will help teachers to be enlightened on the effects of substance use and abuse among youth how they can guide and counsel them. All these can be achieved by publishing the outcome of this research work.

Drug abuse reflects a bad image of any society and, as a result, youths may not be accepted in higher learning institutions, leading to a decline in education standards. Drug abusers are not likely to perform well in school and as a result may find it difficult to be accommodated in the economic market, which will lead to poverty in the society. Therefore, this study will provide information that will serve as a wake-up call for today’s busy parents about the importance of creating a conducive environment for their children’s growth under discipline.

The information when published in journals will help schools in understanding the root causes of the youths‟ misconduct so that these institutions can find ways to encourage their (youths) inner qualities by building a sense of self-worth. It can also be useful to community health and social workers who seek to promote emotional, mental and physical health of the society for it betterment.

The result when made available to home economic teachers through publication, will evoke a sense of need to enlighten youths in the class on the danger of drug abuse to the individual and the fabric of the society. Efforts may also be made to involve drug abuse as a content of lesson in our schools by home economic curriculum developers.

1.7 Basic Assumptions of the Study

Based on available literature on drug abuse among youths, this study was based on the following assumptions that:

Drug abuse among youth in Nigeria is influence by several factors.
Drug abuse influences negative social behaviour among youth in Nigeria.
Drug abuse influences negative emotional behaviour among youth in Nigeria.
Drug abuse may have negative influence on youths in Lagos State.
Drug abuse is common among male than female youth in Nigeria.

1.8 Scope of the Study

The study was limited to drug abuse and its health implications among youths in Nigeria. The study was further limited to youth in Lagos, Nigeria.

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