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Full Project – Isolation and identification of fungi in Nana hostel

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Water is one of the most abundant and essential commodities of man occupying about 70% of the earth’s surface, yet a greater percentage of the world’s population, most especially in developing countries live without access to safe water (Hazen and Toranzos, 2015; Adriano and Joana, 2017).Water is a colourless, transparent, odourless, tasteless liquid that forms the seas, lakes, rivers, and rain fall as well as the basis of the fluids to living organisms (Molden, 2017). Water is a combination of hydrogen and oxygen atoms, with a chemical formula H₂O and known to be the most abundant compound (70%) on earth’s surface (Orewole et al., 2017). Water is an essential requirement of life for drinking, domestic, industrial and agricultural uses. Its quality and quantity which vary over space and time are important components in the integral development of any area. Any change in the natural quality of water may disturb the equilibrium system and it would become unfit for designated uses (Ato and Ayua, 2019).

Drinking water has always been a major issue in many countries, especially in developing countries like Nigeria. In many developing countries, availability of water has become a critical and urgent problem and it is a matter of great concern to families and communities depending on non-public water supply system (Eboh et al., 2017). Increase in human population has exerted an enormous pressure on the provision of safe drinking water especially in developing countries (Okonko et al., 2022). Unsafe water is a global public health threat, placing persons at risk for a host of diarrheal and other diseases as well as chemical intoxication (Umeh et al., 2020). Contaminated water sources are vehicles for the transmission of waterborne diseases such as cholera, shigellosis, and Campylobacteriosis (Hughes and JKoplan, 2018). The most frequently implicated microorganisms in waterborne diseases are the enteric bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Shigella species, Salmonella species, among others, which according to WHO/UNICEF, (2022), have been associated with the estimated 80% diseases affecting developing countries. Unsanitary water particularly has devastating effects on young children in the developing world. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that about 1.1 billion people globally drink unsafe water and the vast majority of diarrheal diseases in the world (88%) are attributable to unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene. Approximately 3.1% of annual deaths (1.7 million) and 3.7% of the annual health burden world-wide (54.2 million) are attributable to unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene (World Health Organisation, 2023).

Drinking water that is safe and acceptable is a matter of high priority to National Agency for Foods and Drugs Administration and Control (NAFDAC) and other regulatory agencies in Nigeria and is expected to meet the Nigerian Industrial Standard. Furthermore, drinking water that is fit for human consumption is expected to meet the World Health Organization standard and be free from physical and chemical substances and microorganisms in an amount that can be hazardous to health (Denloye, 2018). It is a known fact that no single method of purification can eliminate 100% contaminants from drinking water. However, water can be and should be made safe for consumption within acceptable limits (Denloye, 2018). Fungi have been reported from all types of water, from untreated water to treated water (Ribeiro et al., 2020). Water treatment appears to reduce the fungi and other microbes in water, without removing all of them (DEFRA, 2021). Many of the fungi that have been isolated from treated drinking water are known to be pathogenic, particularly Aspergillus and Candida (Nikaeen and Mirhendi, 2018). Fungi growing in drinking water source cause modification in taste, odour and composition of water (Kelley et al., 2019).

1.2 Statement of the Problems

Water quality and quantity are much linked, but quality deserves special attention because of its implication on health and life (Isikwue and Chikezie, 2022). Borehole water is very common in Nigeria. It is mostly found as a major source of water at most of the community in the country. The majority of the population consume it (Adiotomre and Agbale, 2021). Water to be used for human consumption must meet certain requirements. It must be free of all disease causing microorganisms, low in concentration of compounds that are acutely toxic or that have serious long term effect on health.

1.3 Justification of the Study

Unsafe water is a global health threat, placing humans at risk to a host of diseases such as diarrhea as well as chemical intoxication (Hughes and Koplan, 2019). It has devastating effect on young children in developing world. Each year, more than two million persons, mostly children under five years of age, die of diarrhea (Kosek et al., 2021). Groundwater pollution not only affects water quality but also threatens human health, economic development and social prosperity (Milovanovic, 2017). Ground water is generally less susceptible to contamination and pollution when compared to surface water bodies (Cabral et al., 2018). Total coliforms, faecal coliforms, Enterobacter faecalis and Clostridiumperfringens are used to assess the biological quality of water, with little or no attention paid to the fungi. Fungi are a significant cause of water pollution and many of them are human pathogens that have been reported to grow on land and in water (Kosek et al., 2021). Therefore, there is need to carry out physicochemical and fungal analysis of water used at nana hostel B.U.K to ascertained the quality of water used.

1.4 Aim and Objectives

1.4.1 Aim

To carryout physico-chemical and fungi analysis of water used at nana hostel Bayero University, Kano

1.4.2 Objectives

To determine the physico-chemical characteristics of borehole water collected from Nana Hostel at Bayero University, Kano
To isolate and identify the types of fungi present in borehole water collected from Nana Hostel of BUK

1.5 Research Hypotheses

The following research hypotheses were generated for the study.

H01: There is no significant difference between the fungi and physico-chemical characteristics of borehole water collected from Nana Hostel in BUK.

H02: There is no significant difference between fungi and human health among students of Nana Hostel at Bayero University, Kano

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