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Full Project – Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of Pourpartia birrea

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CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

A traditional medicinal plants represent a rich source from which antimicrobial agent may be obtained. Plant are used medicinally in different countries which Nigeria included and are source of many potent and powerful drugs (Srivascava et al1996). The interest in the scientific investigation of the poupartia birrea medicinal plant from Nigeria in base on the claims of the effective used of treatment of many disease.

Therefore research into the different of those local traditional medicine plant is expected to enhance the use of those plants gains disease cause by the test pathogens. However, most of the plant used in fake medicine have. not been screened for their microbial activities.

The active principle of many drugs found in plants are secondary metabolite

Ghana 1990. Therefore the basic phytochemical investigation of this extract for their major phytocontituent it is also a vital in the present study, the ethanoic extract from poupartia birrea plants were screened for Staphylocoecus Escherichia coli.

The emergene of multiple drugs resistance bacteria (MDR) has become a major cause of failure of the increment of infection disease (Gibborns 2005)

Kouadio et al,2013). This situation create a serious public health problem both in the developing countries where there are main cause of high mortality rate as in the industrials are being developed at an alarming rate (Bouharbh, et al,2014).

The species of poupartia birrea comprise three sub-species. The first selerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) hoch of the Africa rain forest, running in an area from mouritania and Senegal to etitrea, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, and northern Tanzania , the second subspeciest, selerocarya birrea caffra (sond). Kokwaro is mainly found south of the main forests, running south from southern Kenya and Tanzania to Northern Namibia Botswana and Northern East S. Africa. A third subspecies selerocarya birrea is found mainly in Tanzania where the range of the other two subspecies over-cap. The main difference between these subspecies seem to be based mainly on the leaves and does not really effect plant uses, so all three are included here under the spiciest name (srivascava 1994). MARULA: – is a short-boiled delicious tree with large branches and a light, rounded crown. It usually grows to about 13 meter tall, which exceptional specimen up to 20 meter (Etuk et al, 2009)

A very important multipurpose plant through much of Africa, particularly value for its edible fruit and seed, but also supplying a range of other foods medicines and various commodities to the local populace the tree is commonly harvested from the wild, mainly for food and medicinal uses, it is often planted around village in E Africa and is sometimes also cultivate in S. Africa. It is grows as an experimental crops in Israel and has been introduce to Australia, India and Oman. The fruit and seed are commonly sold in Africa markets (Lambodo 1970)

Geographical / Distribution

Poupartia birrea is a widely distributed trees in the Africans countries such as Mouritania, Namibia, Botswana, Senegal, Eritrea, ethopia, Uganda, Kenya, Madagascar and here nigria especially in drier area. And also the plant grows as experiment crop in israel and has been introduce to the Australia, india and oman. The trees are dioecious, meaning that there are male and female trees. Male trees produce multiple male flowers on a terminal raceme.These have red sepals and petals, and about 20 stamens per flower. On rare occasion a male flower can produce a gynoecium, turning it bisexual. Female flowers grow individually on their own pedicel and have staminodes.

Poupartia birrea is divided into three subspecies: subsp. birrea, subsp. caffra and subsp. multifoliolata. These subspecies are differentiated by changes in leaf shape and size. They also grow in different areas in Africa. Subsp. birreais found in northern Africa, subsp. caffra is found in southern Africa, and subsp. multifoliolata is only found in Tanzania. The leaves are alternate, compound, and imparipinnately divided. The leaflet shapes range from round to elliptical (Wickens, 1995).

1.3 Aim of the Study

The aim of this study is to determine the phytochemical screening and anti-microbial activity of Pourpartia birrea.

1.4 Objectives of the Study

The objectives are:

To determine the phytochemical properties of Pourpartia birrea and the antimicrobial activity of poupartia birrea
To evaluate technical variants used in screening methods to determine antibacterial activity of Pourpartia birrea

1.5 Justification of the Study

Pourpartia birrea, is a medium-sized dioecious tree, indigenous to the miombowoodlands of Southern Africa, the Sudano-Sahelian range of West Africa, and Madagascar. The tree is a single stemmed tree with a wide spreading crown. It is characterized by a grey mottled bark. The tree grows up to 18 m tall mostly in low altitudes and open woodlands. The distribution of this species throughout Africa and Madagascar has followed the Bantu in their migrations. There is some evidence of human domestication of marula trees, as trees found on farm lands tend to have larger fruit size. Giraffes, rhinoceroses and elephants all browse on the marula tree, with elephants in particular being a major consumer. Elephants eat the bark, branches and fruits of the marula, which may limit the spread of the trees. The damaged bark, due to browsing, can be used to identify marula trees as elephants preferentially target them. Elephants distribute marula seeds in their dung, (Shackleton 2002).

The fruits, which ripen between December and March, have a light yellow skin (exocarp), with white flesh (mesocarp). They fall to the ground when unripe and green in color, and then ripped to a yellow color on the ground. The fruits are drupes with a single seed encased within their endocarp, although marula fruits can have up to four seeds. They are succulent and tart with a strong and distinctive flavour. Inside is a walnut-sized, thick-walled stone (endocarp). These stones, when dry, expose the seeds by shedding 2 (sometimes 3) small circular plugs at one end. The seeds have a delicate nutty flavour and are much sought-after, especially by small rodents who know to gnaw exactly where the plugs are located, (Couper, 2014).

1.6 Cultivation of poupartia birrea

A plant of low to medium elevation in hot dry tropical savannah forest areas. It grows in areas where the main annual temperature is within the range of 19-35°c, the main annual rainfall is in the range 200- 1,600mm and there is a well-defined dry season(Lambojo 1970). It prepares a warm frost free climates but is also found at high altitudes where temperatures may drop below freezing point for a very short period in winter. Required a sunny position and easily grow plant requiring very little attention once established, it succeeds in soil that are two poor to support other crops . It prefers well drained sandy soil and loamy in the wild, through it is also often found growing on rocky hills. Very tolerant of saline soil. Tolerance a pH in the range 4.5-6.5. Young trees are susceptible to fire damage. Marula is test growing reaching 3.5 meter in height within 8 years in areas with 600mm mean annual rainfall. Wild trees in Mali estimate 11-12 years and 32 years old were 8.2 meter and 6.9 meter tall respectively, with bole 28cm and 45cm in diameter (Aldeche, 2003). It one of the fastest growing trees in South Africa with a grow rate of up to 1.5 meter per year when young. Trees have set fruit after just 3 years in a trial in Israel. A single female tree can yield 2,100-9,100 fruits falling while still green and ripening on the ground a dioeciously spiciest although occasional trees bears flowers of both sexes. Usually both male and female forms to be grown if fruit seed are require (Oliver, 1996).

1.7 Medicinal Uses

The back is analgesic_; anti-inflammatory. An infusion is used in the treatment of stomach pain constipation, to ease labor-pain. The analgesic action is utilized to quell a toothache by chewing the back and placing it in carious cavities in the teeth (Huffman 2003).

The back, especially of the roots snake- bite. Pounded to paste, it must be rubbed on the area until a swelling is raised, then a decoction of the back is drunk and dressing applied over the area .the leaves may also be used for this purpose. The back is used extremely as an anti-inflammation preparation and with butter added is applied to the forehead for headches and to the eyes for blepharitis. A decoction is use as wash on skin- eruptions (John willay 1992).

The root is pounded up with water is drunk in the treatment of schisctosomiasis . This water is also used for washing seabies.

1.8 Botanical/description

Kingdom – Plantae
(Unranked) – Angiousperm
(Unranked) – Evdicot
(Unranked] – Rodis
Order – Sapindles
Family – Anacardiaceae
Genus – Selerocarya
Species – Birrea Trease and Evans wo. 2009

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