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Full Project – PROBLEMS OF SPORT PARTICIPATION AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN AGEGE LGA – LAGOS STATE

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the problem

Cowell and Schwehn (1995) defined sports as any type of play, game, or method of entertainment, as well as related activities. According to Hornby (2001), sports are defined as an outdoor or indoor game, competition, or activity governed by rules and requiring physical exertion or skill. Onifade (2003) defined sport as an institutionalized competitive activity that requires participants to engage in significant physical exertion or the application of rather complicated physical skill. Sports are defined in this study as games and plays with varying degrees of organization that occur in a secondary school setting. These activities and performances may or may not be competitive, but they may increase student involvement.

Reports suggest that young people who engage in sports are better able to resist the kinds of destructive influences that might lead to criminal behavior and substance misuse (Pate et al., 2000). As an added bonus, many teams have rules and procedures in place that encourage healthy habits like eating well and not smoking.

One’s development in these areas may be influenced by engaging in sports. Inactive subjects such as those studying languages and mathematics have a relative risk of cardiovascular disease between 1.5 and 2.4 times that of physically active subjects (Baumert et al, 1998). As a result, it follows that a higher quality of life is related with more active lifestyles. As a result, the UN was able to successfully arrange the 2005 International Year of Sports.

The positive effects of athletics on teenagers’ mental, emotional, physical, and social development throughout the course of both short and extended periods of time are well established. Schools have been hypothesized to have an important influence in the physical activities of teenagers, since pupils spend almost half (40-45%) of their waking hours there (Fairclough et al., 2016; Vinson et al., 2012). Multiple variables have been linked to increased or decreased rates of sports engagement among adolescents conditions of the real world exercise self-efficacy and enjoyment (Fairclough et al., 2016; Pate et al., 1995) (Trost et al., 2002)

One of the leading risk factors for chronic diseases globally is continued inactivity in sports. Sixty percent or more of today’s teens are not physically active enough, despite growing recognition of the disease-prevention and health-promoting effects of even moderately intense physical exercise. Comprehensive reviews of the elements that impact the physical activity of secondary school students have shown that many different aspects of an adolescent’s personality, social life, and community all have a role in shaping their level of physical activity.

1.2 Statement of the problem

Sports Inactivity is a major underlying cause of death and disability (Salmon et al., 2007).There is an increasing concern at the rapidly decreasing level of fitness in adolescence and youth. According to WHO among the 10 risk factors leading to global causes of death and disability sedentary lifestyle was identified with more than 2 million deaths each year.

Previous study (Guthold et al., 2010.)which was done based on investigating sports participation level and sedentary behaviors among students found that two third of the studentsmet public health recommendation while the remaining one third spent 3 or more hours per day on sedentary activities. Overall, the variation levels and percentage of schoolchildren not engaging in sufficient amount of sports activities were found to be very high. It was found that Nigeria has an 81% prevalence of physical inactivity among adolescents. Poor participation in sports activities is an unhealthy lifestyle that contributes to the rising prevalence of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD) worldwide and identified as the fourth leading risk factor for mortality.

Based on the WHO recommended Physical Activity cut-off (<600 MET- minute/week) it was found that a high prevalence of insufficient physical activity in Urban areas compared to Rural settings .In Africa higher prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, obesity and Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) is in urban than rural settings and it was reported by Forbes Africa in 2017 that Nigeria is the 3^rd out of 143 countries in the world with a high prevalence of Depression and stress (57%).In the Nigerian context rural settings face many challenges with regards to access to information, facilities, equipment’s and amenities relevant to sporting and physical activities. Previous studies on physical activity among secondary students have focused on the effect of physical activity on academic achievement. In addition, factors affecting student participation in physical activity are not well documented particularly in rural settings of Nigeria. There is limited evidence on factors affecting participation and this study therefore seeks to investigate individual, peer and school physical environmental factors affecting participation in physical activity. The results may inform strategies to address barriers to participation and thereby contribute to managing illnesses related to sedentary behaviors and other unhealthy life styles.

1.3 Research Objectives

The general objective of the study was to determine the problems of sports participation among students in Agege LGA. The other objectives are:

To find out individual problems of sport participation among secondary school students in Agege LGA.
To examine peer influence on secondary school students participation in sports in Agege LGA.
To find out how the school environmental factors affect participation in sports among secondary school students in Agege LGA.

1.4 Research questions

What are the problems of sport participation among secondary school students in Agege LGA?
How will Individual factors affect sports participation among secondary school students in Agege LGA?
How can peers factors affect sports participation among secondary school in Agege LGA?

How will school environmental factors affect sports participation among secondary school students in Agege LGA?

1.5 Significance of the study

It is hoped that this study will provide vital information for Nigerian sport policy makers, donors, sponsors and other relevant development partners that are involved/intended to be involved in sports programs. Thus, it will be a roadmap towards interventions to save the adolescents from the adverse health and education consequences that are associated with the problem.

The findings on the problems associated with government policy will show the importance of appropriate policies. This will enable other policy makers to not only develop policies but also ensure that it is implemented effectively, so that it will have significant impact on development of sports.

The study will generate data on problems associated with funding of sports. This information will be useful to secondary school sport administrators as it will enable them identify various sources of fund and the need for proper management of funds for sports development.

Data will also be generated on the problems associated with the adequacy and availability of facilities and equipment. This will enable school sports administrators, and athletes to adopt better ways of making effective use of available facilities and equipment in the school, and also the need for improvisation of facilities and equipment not available.

The findings which will emanate from the problems associated with sports programmes will enable game masters/mistresses to be better equipped with knowledge of the various sports programmes in the secondary school and be able to harness them well for the development of sports.

Scope of the Study

The study examined problems of sport participation among secondary school students in Agege LGA – Lagos State. This study was delimited to Agege LGA, Lagos State. The investigation was confined only to the principals, physical education teachers and game prefects of the state government secondary schools in Agege LGA, Lagos State.

Operationalization of Terms

The following terms will be used in the course of this study:

Sports participation: Sports participation was defined as ‘purposeful active participation in sports related physical activities performed during leisure-time’

Problem: It is a matter or situation regarded as unwelcome or harmful and needing to be dealt with and overcome.

Performance: This means the achievement or accomplishment of students in sporting activities.

Sports: This refers to any athletic activities that that uses physical skill, often competitive in nature.

Sports equipment: These are materials that are used in athletics activities or in sporting competition.

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