Full Project – Naive bayes algorithm classifying gender academic performance using the three classes of diploma in polytechnic

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1       BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Education is the process of developing the capacities and potentials of the individual so as to prepare that individual to be successful in a specific society or culture. From this perspective, education is serving primarily as an individual development function, Education begins at birth and continues throughout life, it is constant and ongoing. Schooling generally begins somewhere between the ages of four and six when children are gathered together for the purposes of specific guidance related to skills and competencies that society deems important. In the past, once the formal primary and secondary schooling was completed the process was finished. However, in today’s information age, adults are quite often learning in informal settings throughout their working lives and even into retirement. Education, in its broadest sense, may be defined as a process designed to inculcate the knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary to enable individuals to cope effectively with their environment. Its primary purpose is to foster and promote fullest individual self-realization for all people.

Gender refers to the biological and physiological reality of being male or female (Orabi, 2007) described gender as a behaviour pattern and attitude perceived as a masculine and feminine within a culture.

Furthermore, Wang and Liao (2010) described gender as a psychological term, which describes behaviours and attributes expected of individuals on the basis of being a male or female. It is a social and cultural construct which distinguishes the difference in the attributes of men and women, boys and girls and accordingly refers to the roles of men and women. Over the years, education has focused on closing the enrolment gap between male and female students in technical colleges, while insufficient attention has been paid to the differences in their achievement. Adopting an approach that takes into account the relationship between male and female students in technical colleges will not only lead to improving equality of students’ enrolment, but will also address equality of educational outcomes among male and female students in technical colleges. It will also ensure improved quality of both male and female students in auto mechanic trade.

Gender refers to socially constructed differences between males and females. Some Scholars, policymakers, and practitioners have observed and seem to agree upon socially constructed differences between males and females their significant effects on their lives. Studies conducted across the world among the students studying at different levels found a significant gender difference in academic performance. Several studies have reported that female students outperform their male counterparts (Agaoglu, 2016).

This desire for a high level of achievement puts a lot of pressure on students, teachers, parents and schools, and in general the education system itself. In fact, it appears as if the whole system of education revolves around the academic performance of students, though various other outcomes are also expected from the system.

Performance at school and experience in the larger world are related to the self-image of students. They have to strive hard to achieve better results academically. As a result, school and studies become major stressors. Hence, adolescents tend to give up and neglect recreational activities. This has resulted in the absence of physical and mental relaxation. The best type of relaxation is one in which the students learn the skills of relaxing. Schools should provide opportunities for regular physical and mental training like “yoga” which is a relaxation technique that facilitates the enhancement of pattern of study, self-concept, and creativity on academic achievement. Teachers in schools should become facilitators of learning. The infinite treasure within every learner should be discovered and nurtured (Orabi, 2007).

1.2       STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The major concern of the researcher regarding to this research study are as follows:

1. To understand the gender academic performance of student that performed well
2. To understand the gender academic performance of student that performed low

1.3       AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The aim of the study was to investigate the gender academic performance using three classes of diplomas adopting the Naïve Bayes algorithm.

Specifically, are the Objectives below:

1. To examine the academic performance of males and females using three classes of diploma of last four (4) years result.
2. To examine the academic performance of males and females in a class of distinction

• To examine the academic performance of males and females in a class of upper

1. To examine the academic performance of males and females in a class of lower

1.4       SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study was conducted to analyze the student data to get a better understanding of student academic Performance by employing Naïve Bayes Algorithm.

The findings of this study would guide the teachers in adopting an effective method in order to enhance students’ academic performance and knowledge retention in OGITECH.  The findings of the study would also guide the students on how to effectively use the method that appears to be effective in the teaching and learning in OGITECH.

1.5       SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study is to investigate the gender academic performance using three classes of diplomas for 4 years result. A naïve Bayes algorithm will be adopted to carry out the chi-square model for the research work.

Assessment of the learning outcome is done for determining what has been learned and for decision-making with respect to the selection of candidates for higher studies or job placement.

1.6       LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The research work is limited to gender academic performance using local data set (OGITECH) of last four (4) years result.

1.7       DEFINITION OF TERMS

Academic Performance: This is the extent to which a student, teacher, or institution has achieved their short or long-term educational goals.

Difference: A point or way in which people or things are dissimilar

Gender: The state of being male or female

Naïve Bayes Algorithm:The Naive Bayes classification algorithm is a probabilistic classifier. It is based on probability models that incorporate strong independence assumptions. The independence assumptions often do not have an impact on reality.

OCMS: Object content management System

OGITECH: Ogun State Institute of Technology, Igbesa

SAP: Student Academic Performance

Students: A student is primarily a person enrolled in a school or other educational institution and who is under learning with goals of acquiring knowledge, developing professions, and achieving employment in the desired field (Lexico Dictionaries, 2020).

Teacher: a person who teaches or instructs, especially as a professional; instructor.

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Full Project – Naive bayes algorithm classifying gender academic performance using the three classes of diploma in polytechnic