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Full Project – A study on the causes, effects, prevention and control of threatened abortion among childbearing mothers ages (18-45) years

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CHAPTER ONE

1:0. INTRODUCTION

1:1. BACKGROUND OF STUDY

The health of a woman is the health of a nation. When women thrive, nations prosper. (Obama 2015).

Emphasis should be laid on the importance of prioritizing women health in any society. Women health is not just a matter of individual concern, but is critical for the health and prosperity of entire communities and nations. By focusing on the prevention and management of threatened abortion among child-bearing mothers it will contribute to the broader goal of promoting women health and well-being in the community.

Abortion is a medical procedure that involves the termination of pregnancy. There are several different methods of abortion, depending on the stage of pregnancy and the specific circumstances of the woman seeking the procedure. The legal and accessibility of abortion varies widely around, the world, with some countries allowing abortion in wide range of circumstances and others outlawing it entirely.

According to (WHO) Approximately 25 million unsafe abortions occur each year, with the majority occurring in developing countries where safe and legal abortion services maybe unavailable or inaccessible.

Threatened abortion is a condition in which vaginal bleeding occurs during the first 20 weeks of pregnancy, with or without abdominal pain or uterine contractions, and the cervix is closed (NICE, 2018). It is a common obstetric emergency that affects childbearing women, and it can lead to miscarriage or preterm birth, which can be life-threatening for the mother and the baby (Katz, 2016).

Threatened abortion is different from inevitable or incomplete abortion, which involves an open cervix and the passage of fetal or placental tissue. In threatened abortion, the pregnancy may or may not be viable, and the bleeding may resolve spontaneously or progress to a miscarriage (NICE, 2018).

The diagnosis of threatened abortion is based on the presence of vaginal bleeding and the absence of cervical dilation or uterine contractions. Ultrasound examination may be used to assess the viability of the pregnancy and the presence of any underlying abnormalities (Katz et al., 2016).

While the cause of threatened abortion can vary, research suggests that factors such as poor nutrition, stress, infection, and hormonal imbalances may increase the risk of this condition. In some cases, threatened abortion may also be related to genetic abnormalities or structural issues with the uterus. If left untreated, threatened abortion can lead to complications such as infection hemorrhage, and preterm labor which can have serious implication for both maternal and fetal health. As such it is important for women who experience symptoms of threatened abortion to seek medical care as soon as possible.

While the term abortion is used to describe both threatened and induced abortion, it is important to differentiate between these two conditions in order to ensure that women receive appropriate care and support. Threatened abortion has been extensively studied in developed countries; there is limited research on its prevalence, risk factors, and management in developing countries, including Nigeria. Nigeria has one of the highest maternal mortality rates in the world, with approximately 512 deaths per 100,000 live births (World Health Organization, 2021). Pregnancy-related complications, including threatened abortion, are major contributors to maternal morbidity and mortality in Nigeria (Nwobodo 2019).

Abagana is a town located in the Njikoka Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria, with an estimated population of 33,000 people (National Population Commission, 2006). Despite its relatively small size, Abagana has a high prevalence of pregnancy-related complications, including threatened abortion, due to a combination of sociocultural, economic, and healthcare-related factors. However, there is limited research on the prevalence, causes, and management of threatened abortion in Abagana and the surrounding areas.

Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence, risk factors, and management of threatened abortion among childbearing women aged 18-45 years in Abagana, Anambra State. The findings of this study will contribute to a better understanding of the epidemiology and management of threatened abortion in Nigeria and inform the development of effective prevention and management strategies to improve maternal and neonatal health outcomes in Abagana and other similar communities in Nigeria.

1.2. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Threatened abortion, which is the onset of vaginal bleeding during pregnancy, is a significant health concern among childbearing mothers aged 18-45 years in Abagana, Anambra State.

The prevalence of this condition has increased in recent years, leading to maternal morbidity and mortality, and negative outcomes for both the mother and the fetus. Despite the efforts made by health practitioners and policymakers to address the issue, there is still limited knowledge on the root causes, prevention, and control measures of threatened abortion in this region.

The lack of awareness about the risk factors, symptoms, and appropriate management of this condition often leads to delayed presentation and inadequate care, resulting in adverse maternal and fetal outcomes.

The high incidence of this condition is often attributed to several factors, such as poverty, poor nutrition, inadequate antenatal care, and cultural beliefs. However, there is a dearth of information on the specific risk factors and predictors of threatened abortion among childbearing mothers aged 18-45 years in this region.

Threatened abortion is a traumatic experience that can have long-lasting physical and psychological effects on childbearing mothers aged 18-45 years in Abagana, Anambra State. Despite the availability of various interventions, such as counseling, social support, and pharmacological agents, the emotional and mental health needs of women who have experienced threatened abortion are often overlooked.

1.3. PURPOSE OR OBJECTIVE

To identify the causes of threatened abortion among childbearing mother ages 18-45years in Abagana, Amanda state.
To ascertain the effects of threatened abortion among childbearing mothers ages 18-45years in Abagana, Anambra state.
To identify the prevention and control of threatened abortion among childbearing mothers aged 18-45years in Abagana, Amanda state.

1.4. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of the study is an essential part of an undergraduate project writing that highlights the potential contribution of the research to the field of study.

The following are the significance of the study on the causes, effects, prevention, and control of threatened abortion among childbearing mothers aged 18-45 years in Abagana, Anambra State.

Healthcare providers will benefit from the study by gaining knowledge and insights into the risk factors, predictors, prevention, and management of threatened abortion among childbearing mothers. This knowledge will help healthcare providers in Abagana, Anambra State, to develop effective strategies for the prevention and management of threatened abortion.

Pregnant women will benefit from the study by becoming aware of the risk factors associated with threatened abortion and the importance of early detection and treatment. This knowledge will empower pregnant women to take appropriate measures to prevent threatened abortion and seek prompt medical attention in case of vaginal bleeding during pregnancy.

Policy makers and program managers will benefit from the study by understanding the burden and impact of threatened abortion on maternal and fetal health and the healthcare system. This knowledge will help policy makers and program managers in Abagana, Anambra State, to develop evidence-based policies and programs that target the prevention and management of threatened abortion among childbearing mothers.

The study will contribute to the body of knowledge on threatened abortion by generating new data and insights on the risk factors, predictors, prevention, and management of threatened abortion among childbearing mothers aged 18-45 years in Abagana, Anambra State. This knowledge will be useful for future research and intervention studies in the field of maternal and child health.

The study will provide a platform for community engagement and awareness creation on the prevention and management of threatened abortion among childbearing mothers. This engagement will involve community leaders, women’s groups, and other stakeholders in Abagana, Anambra State, and will help to promote a culture of safe motherhood and maternal health in the community.

The study on the causes, effects, prevention, and control of threatened abortion among childbearing mothers aged 18-45 years in Abagana, Anambra State, is significant because it addresses a critical public health issue that has significant implications for maternal and child health and well-being. The study will provide valuable insights into the risk factors, predictors, prevention, and management of threatened abortion and will inform policy and program development in Abagana, Anambra State, and beyond.

1.5. SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study focused on the causes, effects, prevention, and control of threatened abortion among childbearing mothers aged 18-45 years in Abagana, Anambra State.The study is restricted to childbearing mothers aged 18-45 years who reside in Abagana, Anambra State, Nigeria. The study is limited to a six-month time frame.

1.6. RESEARCH QUESTIONS

What are the causes of threatened abortion among childbearing mothers aged 18-45years in Abagana, Anambra state?
What are the effects threatened abortion among childbearing mothers aged 18-45years in Abagana, Anambra state?
What is the possible prevention and control measures of threatened abortion among childbearing mothers aged 18-45years in Abagana, Anambra state?

1.7. RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

The causes of threatened abortion among childbearing mothers ages (especially pregnant mothers) includes Maternal, Fetal, Environmental, Hormonal, Infections e.t.c.
The effects of threatened abortion among childbearing mothers ages includes Physical, Psychological.
The prevention and control of threatened abortion among childbearing mother’s ages includes Identifying risk factors, providing medical care, Promoting health behaviours.

1.8. OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS OF TERMS

CAUSES: These are reasons for occurrence and reoccurrence events.
EFFECTS: Is the result or consequence of a cause or action.
PREVENTION AND CONTROL: It implies avoiding the occurrence of unwanted event for the sake of this research; prevention and control are used interchangeably to imply the ways of avoiding the incidence of threatened abortion.
THREATENED: Having an uncertain chance of continued survival.
ABORTION: This is the termination of pregnancy by removal of an embryo or fetus.
THREATENED ABORTION : It is vaginal bleeding during pregnancy that does not meet diagnostic criteria for spontaneous Abortion

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