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Full project – Design and implementation of a geographic information system

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DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

According to Tatjana & Stojanovic (2015), Geographic Information System (GIS) is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage and present all types of geographical data. The acronym GIS is sometimes used for geographical information science or geospatial information a study which refers to the academic discipline or career of working with geographic information system. In simplest terms GIS is the merging of cartography, statistical analysis and database technology. A geographical information system can be thought of as a system which digitally creates and manipulates spatial areas that may be jurisdictional, purpose or application- oriented. Generally, a GIS can be custom designed for an organization. Hence, a GIS developed for an application jurisdiction, enterprise or purpose may not be necessarily interoperable or compatible with a GIS that has been developed for some other application, jurisdiction, enterprise or purpose. What goes beyond a GIS is a spatial infrastructure, a concept that has no such restrictive boundaries (Chang, 2008).

The geographical information is a key component of any information system that is designed to support social or environmental analysis or decision making. GIS is a computer technology that is often defined as an integrated set of tools and methodologies for collecting, storing, editing, integration, analysis and visualization of spatial referenced data. In the geographic area all the social and ecological processes are occurring from this implies that the location is the main dimensions for reviewing all of environmental and social factors; GIS linking geographic information with other types of data in order to create analytical framework for understanding and visualizing spatial relationships. Using GIS everyone can share information and computer generated maps in one place the link between geography and information technology can not to a very large extent be over- emphasized.

1.1 Background to the Study

Using Delta State Polytechnic, Ogwashi-Uku as a case study will help to give a comprehensive understanding of the importance and the need of a geographic information system, as it is believed, information technology has a significant role in geographic information system and high level of expectations would and is already being demanded from its use both in Nigeria and the world at large. In describing a Geographic Information System first an understanding of what geography is, is of paramount importance because without it one cannot get a proper view of what an information system is and what it has to offer.

Geography can be defined the science that deals with the distribution and arrangement of all elements of the earth’s surface. The word geography was adopted in the 200s BC by the Greek Scholar Eratosthenes and means “earth description”. A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of geographical data. The acronym GIS is sometimes used for geographical information science or geospatial information studies to refer to the academic discipline or career of working with geographic information system. In the simplest terms, GIS is the merging of cartography, statistical analysis and database technology (From Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia).

According to Bunch et al Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are a powerful set of computer based tools used to collect, store, manipulate, analyze and display spatially referenced information. They transform data into knowledge and present this knowledge in various formats for the purpose of supporting decisions. GIS are usually portrayed as knowledge based and free from bias, but in fact GIS is a socially constructed technology. The process of GIS production, from data creation to analysis to visualization and use of GIS output, is characterized by political, economic and social motivations that bias their use.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

In our daily lives as humans, most of our endeavours involve moving from one location to another for one thing or the other. A problem emerges when there is no proper direction or a system as to give accurate direction in locating our destination, what the said destination contains and what is has to offer. This is the problem the state has as concerning an educational institution, whereby a good number of students and visitors (most especially visitors visiting for the very first time) and other individuals wanting to locate various locations in the institution but cannot do so because of the lack of a well detailed system to provide them (students and visitors) with an accurate geographic information system as to how to locate these sites within the institution.

Due to the lack of an accurate Geographic Information System as far as this is concerned, most students are discouraged when trying to locate specific locations within the institution.

Aim &Objectives of the Study

The aim of this project is to design and develop a Geographic Information System for Delta State Polytechnic, Ogwashi-Uku, while the specific objectives of the study are as follows.

To examine the existing / current system in regards to how Geographic Information provided for students and visitors in and outside the polytechnic.
To improve on the already existing system by designing a Geographic Information System that is well detailed and easily accessible.

1.4 Motivation for the Study

It has been observed by the researcher that most times there is a problem that emerges for students when there is no proper direction or a system as to give accurate direction in locating the student’s destination within the polytechnic, what the said destination contains and what is has to offer. This is the major motivation behind this study.

1.5 Purpose of the Study

The purpose of this study is:

To design and develop Geographical information system that will be Web based.
To provide better and efficient services to staff and student of Delta State Polytechnic, Ogwashi-Uku.

1.6 Scope of the Study

This study covers the services offered by Delta State Polytechnic, Ogwashi-Uku.

1.7 Significance of the Study

This study will assist students and staff of Delta State Polytechnic, Ogwashi-Uku to appreciate the important role that Geographical Information Systems play in society and how useful it can be in helping individuals locate vital public service buildings and facilities within the polytechnic.

1.8 Organization of the Work

This project work is organized into five chapters. Chapter one is titled introduction. It contains the background to the study, statement of the problem, motivation for the study, objectives of the study, purpose and significance for the study. The chapter also contains the organization of the project work and the definition of technical terms used in the study.

Chapter two is titled literature review. It contains a review of related work done. The review includes theoretical, historical and empirical review of related works done on the study.

Chapter three is titled research methodology. It contains the analysis and design of both the existing system and the proposed systems. It shows the analysis design requirement, methods, techniques and the programming language adopted by the proposed system.

Chapter four is titled implementation and evaluation, contains the system specification, source of data collection, implementation procedure, evaluation and discussion of the results obtained in this study.

Chapter five is titled discussion and conclusion. It contains the summary of findings obtained in the study. It also contains conclusion, recommendation and suggestions for future study in the related area.

1.9 Definition of Terms

Geography: Geography is a science that deals with the distribution and arrangement of all elements of the earth’s surface. The word geography was adopted in the 200s BC by the Greek Scholar Eratosthenes and means “earth description”.

Information System: An information system can be defined technically as a set of interrelated components that collect (or retrieve), process, store and distribute information to support decision making and control in an organization.

Geographic Information System: A “geographic information system” (GIS) is a computer-based tool that allows you to create, manipulate, analyze, store and display information based on its location.

Location: The position, site or sitting of somebody or something.

Map: A diagrammatic drawing of something such as a route or area made to show the location or how to get there.

Tourism: Travel to benefit from a particular service or activity that is unavailable at home.

Computer : An electronic device that can accept data/ information inform of input , process the data /information in order to produce an output and also has the capability to store the information for future use.

Data: Data refers to raw or unprocessed information.

Software: This is the logically written instruction that controls the operations of the hardware.

Hardware: This is the physical components of computer system and other geographic tools or devices.

Database: This is the collection of related data/ information stored mostly in a central location.

Computer Aided Design (CAD): Software programs for the design, drafting and presentation of graphics. Originally designed for manufacturing and drawing, now also widely used for mapping.

Operating System: A series of computer programs which control the operations of the computer itself. Application programs such as GIS software run under an operating system. Examples of operating system include UNIX, VMS, DOS etc.

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