Full Project – THE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE MADE WITH GRANITE TO THAT MADE WITH RIVER ROUND STONE (PEBBLE) AND LOCAL STONE

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ABSTRACT

This project was described as the comparative study of the strength of concrete made  ……with pure granite (chipping) to that made with river round stone (pebbles) and local stone (sand stone) and their durability considered in the design of structures. The general background gives detailed information source of aggregates used and it cited examples on research carried out with various types of coarse aggregate which shows their differences in concrete made with this three aggregates. Tests were carried out which include, impact test, Absorption test, slump test and comprehensive strength test, it was discovered that his different types of coarse aggregates (pure granite, river round stone and local stone) have a satisfactory crushing strength. Granite wt 28days of arising had a compressive strength of 45N/mm, river round stone was 36N/mm² and that of local stone 18N/mm². And this shows that granite has a greater strength than river round stone and local stone, which was mainly attributed to greater void spaces in river round stone and also in local stone.

From the result of the project work, I recommend that good quality concrete could be made with all the aggregate used. But pure granite has superior quality than river round stone and local stone when used in heavy structure in high rising buildings.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page                                                                 i

Approval page                                                           ii

Dedication                                                                iii

Acknowledgement                                                      iv

Abstract                                                                    v

CHAPTER ONE

• Introduction

1.1   Aims & Objective of the study

1.2   Significant of the study

1.3   Scope f the study

1.4   Limitation of the study

1.5   Definition of the study

1.6   Definition of terms

CHAPTER TWO

• Literature Review

2.1   Aggregate characteristic & concrete workability

2.2   Concrete constituent materials

2.3   Cement & Types

2.4   Chemical composition of cement

2.5   Physical characteristics of cement

2.6   Aggregates & Types

CHAPTER THREE

• Methodology

3.1   Experiments Involves

3.2   Design mix

CHAPTER FOUR

• Presentation data and analysis

4.1   Data presentation

4.2   Tables of results

4.3   Discussion of results

CHAPTER FIVE

• Conclusion &

5.1   Recommendation

References

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION

These has been high growth in the demand for aggregate use for concrete works and this have presently caused an increase and also problem in the supply of aggregate particularly in some areas where there are short supply of the deposit.

This problem has become more acute in recent years and this is recognized in the recently published report to the advisory committee on aggregates i.e first published in August 1975, 2^nd published in February 1999. On this report to the advisory committee which was set up by the sector board for building and Civil Engineering under the authority of the standard boards including other professional bodies like Association of Consulting Engineers (ACE) British Civil Engineering Test Equipment Manufacturer Association (BCETEMA) British Cement Association (BCA) and so many of them, these arises as BS 812; part 2 1995,1999. In its evidence submitted to this committee on building research station indicated that crushed rock aggregate could play a major role in over coming the shortage of future aggregate supply.

It has been shown that crushed rock aggregates are essential for the production of concrete of a very high compressive strength and that of flexural strength of concrete made with gravel. sand stone (local stone) has a lower compressive strength compared to that of crushed rock. The new department of environment mix design method results in mixes having similar cement contents irrespective of the type of aggregate used for the work.

According to Teychenn (1978) from the use of the crushed rock aggregate in concrete are covered by the same position of standard, BS 882, 1210, 1973, as sand and gravels. But there are slightly different in grading rock fines compared with natural sand.

These differences relates to the fine particles passing through the 150mm and the 75mm bs sieves .most ofthe objections to the use of crush rock aggregate relates to the grading of fines, particularly the larger quantities of very fine materials present in crushed rock. And this , the research programme described in this project report places considerable in this emphasis on the factor.

Apart from these fine fractions, the same were mainly established from an analysis of natural sand.

In 1965 a co-operative research programme was agreed between the building research station (BRS) and the two trade associations. The British granite and Whine stone federation and the lime stone federation since amalgamated to form part of the british quarries  and stay  federation (BQSF). This co-operative research programme consisted of two parts.

1. A survey of grading of crushed rock and fines obtained from quarries of members of two federations.
2. An existing laboratory investigation on concrete made with crushed rock aggregates both fine and coarse, from selected quarries.

In order to assist the work of the project i have base my work on comparing the compressive strength of pure granite with that of river round stone (gravel), and local stone (sand stone).

According to Teychenn (1978), the first part of the programme was carried out rapidly and the result of the survey was published in 1967. Expect for long term exposure specimens the second part of the programmes has now been completed and is the subject of the report in this published book.

1.1  AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH WORK

–      The aim of this research work is to compare the compressive strength of concrete produced from coarse crushed rock aggregate (pure granite) to that made of River round stone (gravel) and Local stone (sand stone)

–      To study the effect of these coarse aggregate on the workability of the concrete.

–      To compare the samples of the aggregate to know the one that gives the minimum or the maximum void through bulk density test.

• SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY

The important of this project work is to guide young engineers that is practicing civil engineering work to know the type of the coarse aggregate to be use when the are carrying out concrete works, especially those in construction firms where concrete is done often.

• SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study is to compare the compressive strength of crushed coarse aggregate (pure granite) to that of river round stone (pebble) and local stone (sand stone) at various ages of curing.

• LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Financial challenges and time factors have not permitted full research of my project work.

• DEFINITIONS OF TERMS

AGGREGATE: These are naturally occurring material of varying particles sizes used as filer in concrete works.

CONCRETE: This is an artificial material made from Portland cement, aggregates both fine and coarse and water which solidified to from a solid mass.

WORKABILITY: Is a property of concrete which determines the amount of useful internal work necessary to produce complete compaction.

MIX DESIGN: These is a process of selecting suitable constituents of concrete and their relative quantity with the aim of producing as economically as possible concrete of certain minimum properties.

SIEVE ANALYSIS: This is the process of dividing a sample of aggregate into fractions of some particles sizes.

HYDRATION: This is defined as a chemical reaction which occurs when water comes in contact with cement which produces hard and very strong binding medium for the aggregate particle in concrete. Here, hydration is accompanied by the liberation of heat.

CURING: This is the process of keeping the hardened concrete moist, so that it can continue to gain strength.

SETTING OF CONCRETE: This is the reduction in moisture content of concrete as the hydration occurs or takes place in concrete.

CONCRETE MIX: Is a workable, fast, setting, high quality concrete repair and concrete restoration material that is ideal where fast strength gain high durability and how shrinkage are desired.

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Full Project – THE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE MADE WITH GRANITE TO THAT MADE WITH RIVER ROUND STONE (PEBBLE) AND LOCAL STONE